What are the mechanisms involved in the lethal synergism between Influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae? How did PB1-F2 contribute to the unparalleled virulence of the 1918 pandemic?

Secondary bacterial infections associated with Influenza are a leading cause of death in the United States. These bacterial infections, mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, capitalize on the environment in the respiratory tract created by the Influenza virus. Experiments suggest a lethal synergism between these pathogens, but the precise mechanisms involved are unknown. However, some hypotheses attribute the interaction to specific viral properties, dysfunctional immune responses, and/or accelerated cell regeneration. In addition, an interesting and surprising observation is the change in viral levels following bacterial challenge suggesting a truly dual effect. To develop insights into the kinetics and interactions of these pathogens, we are creating mathematical models of the following infections: (i) Influenza, (ii) Streptococcus pneumoniae, and (iii) Influenza followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Publications:

McAuley, J.L., F. Hornung, K.L. Boyd, A.M. Smith, R. McKeon, J. Bennink, J.W. Yewdell, and J.A. McCullers. Expression of the 1918 Influenza A Virus PB1-F2 Enhances the Pathogenesis of Viral and Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia. Cell Host & Microbe, 2:240-249, October 2007

Here's a link to my CV. More info can be found on my math page