Heart attacks can give you mathematics!



What are the Medical Problems?



Conduction system of the heart and normal EKG.



Examples of normal and abnormal EKG's.



What are the Scientific Questions?


Movie (from Witkowski's lab) of ventricular fibrillation.



What Good is Math?


Normal propagation following a stimulus applied at the apex of the ventricles.


Another view of normal waves. Here the stimulus was applied to the endocardial wall of the left ventricle.


Wave pattern (a single spiral) on the ventricular surface, during monomorphic tachycardia.


Ionic column from the Temple of Artemus, Sardis.


View of the three dimensional structure of a single scroll wave.


Surface view of fibrillation.


One possible mechanism for wave instability and spiral formation.


Transparent view of spiral breakup and fibrillation.



What have we learned?



Credit where credit is due.