%%% -*-BibTeX-*- %%% ==================================================================== %%% BibTeX-file{ %%% author = "Nelson H. F. Beebe", %%% version = "3.04", %%% date = "14 November 2002", %%% time = "10:17:17 MDT", %%% filename = "sciam1990.bib", %%% address = "Center for Scientific Computing %%% University of Utah %%% Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB %%% 155 S 1400 E RM 233 %%% Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 %%% USA", %%% telephone = "+1 801 581 5254", %%% FAX = "+1 801 581 4148", %%% URL = "http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe", %%% checksum = "07504 49872 202394 1808873", %%% email = "beebe at math.utah.edu, beebe at acm.org, %%% beebe at computer.org, beebe at ieee.org %%% (Internet)", %%% codetable = "ISO/ASCII", %%% keywords = "bibliography, BibTeX, Scientific American", %%% supported = "yes", %%% docstring = "This is a bibliography of the magazine/ %%% journal Scientific American (CODEN SCAMAC, %%% ISSN 0036-8733) for the decade 1990--1999. %%% %%% The companion bibliographies sciam19xx.bib %%% and sciam20xx.bib cover other decades. %%% %%% There is no significant coverage of the %%% Arabic edition (Majallat Al-Oloom), the %%% Chinese edition, the French edition (Pour La %%% Science, l'Edition Francaise de Scientific %%% American), the German translation (Spektrum %%% der Wissenschaft), the Italian edition (Le %%% Scienze), the Japanese edition (Saiensonu), %%% the Polish edition (Swiat Nauki), the Russian %%% edition (V mire nauki), or the Spanish %%% edition (Investigacion Ciencia). %%% %%% The journal has a World-Wide Web site at %%% %%% http://www.sciam.com/ %%% %%% with pointers to incomplete indexes of %%% issues from 1996--date at %%% %%% http://www.sciam.com/previousissues.html %%% %%% In some cases, these indexes have pointers %%% to the full text of selected articles. URL %%% values in the bibliography entries below %%% contain pointers to these indexes and/or %%% articles. %%% %%% At version 3.04, the year coverage looked %%% like this: %%% %%% 1990 ( 133) 1994 ( 209) 1998 ( 418) %%% 1991 ( 156) 1995 ( 348) 1999 ( 230) %%% 1992 ( 153) 1996 ( 287) %%% 1993 ( 202) 1997 ( 278) %%% %%% Article: 2414 %%% %%% Total entries: 2414 %%% %%% The September 1996 issue of Scientific %%% American carried an announcement of the %%% SciDEX CD-ROM with articles from %%% 1948--1995. I purchased a copy, and have %%% used it to add and/or correct several dozen %%% entries in this bibliography; unfortunately, %%% the index on that CD-ROM contains only %%% initial page numbers (and often, no volume %%% and issue numbers), and there is no way to do %%% batch searching, so it is of limited utility %%% for extending this bibliography. %%% %%% The initial draft of this bibliography was %%% derived almost entirely from the OCLC %%% Contents1st database. Additions were then %%% made from all of the bibliographies in the %%% TeX User Group collection, from the Uncover %%% library database, from the Compendex %%% databases (1970--1996), from the IEEE INSPEC %%% 1989--1995 CD-ROM database, from %%% bibliographies in the author's personal %%% files, and from the computer science %%% bibliography collection on ftp.ira.uka.de in %%% /pub/bibliography to which many people of %%% have contributed. The snapshot of this %%% collection was taken on 5-May-1994, and it %%% consists of 441 BibTeX files, 2,672,675 %%% lines, 205,289 entries, and 6,375 %%% String{} abbreviations, occupying 94.8MB %%% of disk space. %%% %%% Regrettably, the OCLC database does not %%% record final page numbers of journal %%% articles, so there are many page ranges of %%% the form 123--?? in this bibliography. Also, %%% the titles and page numbers for this journal %%% in the OCLC database are often inaccurate. %%% %%% It is also troubling that different databases %%% sometimes list completely different page %%% number lists for the same article. This may %%% arise from confusion between the national and %%% international editions, both of which appear %%% to have the same ISSN values. The SciDEX %%% CD-ROM index sometimes shows separate %%% starting page numbers for the international %%% edition. When both page number ranges are %%% available, they are encoded as ``81--85 %%% (Intl. ed. 40--44)''. %%% %%% Page ranges that are believed to correspond %%% only to the international edition have %%% entries with the journal value of %%% j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED instead of j-SCI-AMER, but %%% I expect that a number of entries attributed %%% to the latter should be the former, and vice %%% versa. %%% %%% These defects will be remedied if more %%% reliable sources can be found. %%% %%% Numerous errors in the sources noted above %%% have been corrected. Spelling has been %%% verified with the UNIX spell and GNU ispell %%% programs using the exception dictionary %%% stored in the companion file with extension %%% .sok. %%% %%% BibTeX citation tags are uniformly chosen %%% as name:year:abbrev, where name is the %%% family name of the first author or editor, %%% year is a 4-digit number, and abbrev is a %%% 3-letter condensation of important title %%% words. Citation tags were automatically %%% generated by software developed for the %%% BibNet Project. %%% %%% In this bibliography, entries are sorted in %%% publication order within each journal, %%% using bibsort -byvolume. %%% %%% The checksum field above contains a CRC-16 %%% checksum as the first value, followed by the %%% equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word %%% count) utility output of lines, words, and %%% characters. This is produced by Robert %%% Solovay's checksum utility.", %%% } %%% ==================================================================== @Preamble{ "\hyphenation{ Kuz-i-ora } " } %%---------------------------------------------------------------------- %% Acknowledgement abbreviations: @String{ack-nhfb = "Nelson H. F. Beebe, Center for Scientific Computing, University of Utah, Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB, 155 S 1400 E RM 233, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090, USA, Tel: +1 801 581 5254, FAX: +1 801 581 4148, e-mail: \path|beebe@math.utah.edu|, \path|beebe@acm.org|, \path|beebe@computer.org|, \path|beebe@ieee.org| (Internet), URL: \path|http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/|"} %%---------------------------------------------------------------------- %% Journal abbreviations: @String{j-SCI-AMER = "Scientific American"} @String{j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED = "Scientific American [International Edition]"} %%---------------------------------------------------------------------- %% Bibliography entries for some cross-references: @Article{Searle:1990:BMC, author = "John R. Searle", title = "Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "20--25", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Many people working in artificial intelligence believe that a computer simulation of mental processes could actually think. The author argues that computer programs merely manipulate symbols, without reference to meaning, and so are fundamentally incapable of understanding.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA", classification = "C1230 (Artificial intelligence); C6110 (Systems analysis and programming)", corpsource = "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA", keywords = "Artificial intelligence; Computer model; Machine intelligence; Programming; Tuning test", thesaurus = "Artificial intelligence; Programming", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Churchland:1990:CMT, author = "Paul M. Churchland and Patricia Smith Churchland", title = "Could a Machine Think?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "26--31", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Machines that manipulate symbols according to rules may well never achieve intelligence, but, the authors argue, the proposition does not have absolute force. New kinds of systems (such as artificial neural networks) whose physical organization mimics the brain might well succeed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA", classification = "C1230 (Artificial intelligence)", corpsource = "California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA", keywords = "AI research; Artificial intelligence", thesaurus = "Artificial intelligence", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Weintraub:1990:ARD, author = "Harold M. Weintraub", title = "Antisense {RNA} and {DNA}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "40--?? (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "A cell translates code-carrying ``sense'' RNA into protein. Some cells also make ``antisense'' RNA, which can bind to a particular messenger and thwart translation. In the laboratory, such a molecule can block the expression of a gene and thus reveal the gene's function. In the future, antisense molecules might be recruited to turn off viral genes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Broecker:1990:WDG, author = "Wallace S. Broecker and George H. Denton", title = "What Drives Glacial Cycles?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "42--50", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Astronomical changes are ultimately responsible. Their effect, though, is to alter the intensity of summer sunlight in the northern latitudes. How are the astronomical changes converted into global climatic changes that trigger ice ages? The authors think the variations in the heat of northern summers force a worldwide reorganization of the ocean and atmosphere.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Lamont-Doherty Geol. Obs., Columbia Univ., NY, USA", classification = "A9100 (Solid Earth physics); A9210K (Sea-air interactions); A9260S (Climatology)", corpsource = "Lamont-Doherty Geol. Obs., Columbia Univ., NY, USA", keywords = "Climate; climate; climatology; Earth orbit; Earth's orbit; Geochronology; geochronology; Glacial cycles; glacial cycles; Ice sheets; ice sheets; Ocean-atmosphere system; ocean-atmosphere system; oceanography", thesaurus = "Climatology; Earth orbit; Geochronology; Oceanography", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Hegstrom:1990:HU, author = "Roger A. Hegstrom and Dilip K. Kondepudi", title = "The Handedness of the Universe", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "108--?? (Intl. ed. 98--??)", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "From electrons and atoms to molecules, from DNA and proteins to spiraling vines and seashells and on to human beings, nature exhibits handedness, or chirality. The preference for left- or right-handedness seems to be related to fundamental asymmetries in the universe at the atomic scale, but the cause-and-effect relations have yet to be figured out.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Sapolsky:1990:SW, author = "Robert M. Sapolsky", title = "Stress in the Wild", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "116--?? (Intl. ed. 106--??)", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The proper study of humankind may be the baboon, at least with respect to understanding the hormonal effects of stress. Observations of the olive baboon in an African wildlife preserve support the notion that personality strongly influences the hormonal response to stress and, in doing so, influences vulnerability to stress-related disorders.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Bollinger:1990:M, author = "John J. Bollinger and David J. Wineland", title = "Microplasmas", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "124--?? (Intl. ed. 114--??)", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Strip electrons from some thousands of atoms, confine the atoms in an electromagnetic trap and cool them to about absolute zero, and you have a microplasma. It forms strange states of matter --- sometimes resembling a solid and sometimes a liquid --- that offer physicists a new way to investigate fundamental theories of atomic structure.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:BVS, author = "Anonymous", title = "A Backyard Version of a {Stirling} Engine can be Built with Common Materials", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "130--??", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Gulkis:1990:CBE, author = "Samuel Gulkis and Philip M. Lubin and Stephan S. Meyer and Robert F. Silverberg", title = "The {Cosmic Background Explorer}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "132--?? (Intl. ed. 122--129)", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The satellite, launched late in 1989, may revolutionize our view of the origin and the fate of the universe. Scanning the skies from an earth orbit high above the obscuring atmosphere, its sensitive instruments will be measuring microwave radiation left over from the big bang and looking for infrared radiation from the very first generation of stars.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, USA", classification = "A9555J (Radiotelescopes); A9555L (Aerospace instrumentation); A9870V (Background radiations); A9880B (Origin and early evolution of the Universe)", corpsource = "Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, USA", keywords = "artificial satellites; astronomical instruments; Background radiation; background radiation; COBE; Cosmic Background Explorer; cosmic background radiation; Cosmology; cosmology; EHF; infrared astronomy; IR; Radio astronomy; radio astronomy; radioastronomy; submillimetre astronomy; Submm; submm; THF", thesaurus = "Artificial satellites; Astronomical instruments; Cosmic background radiation; Cosmology; Infrared astronomy; Radioastronomy; Submillimetre astronomy", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:CAP, author = "Anonymous", title = "The Cellular Automata Programs that Create Wireworld, Rugworld and other Diversions", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "136--??", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Melzack:1990:TNP, author = "Ronald Melzack", title = "The Tragedy of Needless Pain", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "27--?? (Intl. ed. 19--??)", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Too often patients suffering from severe pain such as that of cancer receive insufficient amounts of the drug morphine. Why? Because physicians and other health-care workers fear it will turn the patients into addicts. Such fears, the author says, are misplaced: addiction occurs primarily when morphine is taken to elevated mood and not when it is administered to control pain.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Foukal:1990:VS, author = "Peter V. Foukal", title = "The Variable {Sun}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "34--41 (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The sun's apparently steady light belies our star's turbulent and dynamic character. Powerful magnetic fields oscillate across its surface, creating sunspots and flares and producing outbursts of charged particles and energetic radiation. Even the solar ``constant'' varies. The sun's changing activity --- some investigators think --- may influence weather on the earth.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Cambridge Res. and Instrumentation Inc., Massachusetts, USA", classification = "A9260S (Climatology); A9460G (Solar wind plasma); A9660H (Magnetic and electric fields); A9660Q (Sunspots, faculae, plages); A9660T (Electromagnetic radiation and spectra); A9660V (Particle radiation, solar wind)", corpsource = "Cambridge Res. and Instrumentation Inc., Massachusetts, USA", keywords = "Charged particles emission; charged particles emission; Climates; climates; climatology; Luminosity; luminosity; Magnetic fields; magnetic fields; solar activity; Solar activity, sunlight; solar activity, sunlight; solar magnetism; solar radiation; Solar terrestrial relations; solar terrestrial relations; Solar wind; solar wind; solar-terrestrial relationships; Sun; sunlight; Sunspots; sunspots; Sunspots; Time scales; time scales", thesaurus = "Climatology; Solar activity; Solar magnetism; Solar radiation; Solar wind; Solar-terrestrial relationships; Sunlight; Sunspots", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Goldberger:1990:CFH, author = "Ary L. Goldberger and David R. Rigney and Bruce J. West", title = "Chaos and Fractals in Human Physiology", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "42--?? (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The healthy heart beats to a rhythm that is ever-changing --- but that can become more periodic at the onset of disease. Chaotic dynamics may underlie the formation of many fractal-like structures in the body.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Govindjee:1990:HPM, author = "Govindjee and William J. Coleman", title = "How Plants Make Oxygen", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "50--?? (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Plants photosynthesize in order to make carbohydrates for themselves. In the process, they generate the molecular oxygen that fuels the animal world. Only now is it becoming clear how photosynthesis makes oxygen. Tucked deep in the photosynthetic center is a ratchetlike water-oxidizing clock whose every four ticks generate an $O_2$ molecule.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "Yes, first author has only a single name.", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Brodsky:1990:PGA, author = "Marc H. Brodsky", title = "Progress in Gallium Arsenide Semiconductors", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "68--75 (Intl. ed. 56--??)", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "``Gallium arsenide is the technology of the future --- always has been, always will be.'' Well, the future has arrived. Electrons move through a lattice of the alloy much faster than they do through silicon, and now the advent of super-computers and optoelectronics has created a US\$1-billion market for gallium arsenide transistors, light-emitting diodes and other components.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA", chemicalindex = "GaAs/bin As/bin Ga/bin", classification = "B2520D (II-VI and III-V semiconductors); B2560 (Semiconductor devices)", corpsource = "IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA", keywords = "Applications; applications; Communications; communications; Computing; computing; Digital circuitry; digital circuitry; GaAs; gallium arsenide; High-speed receivers; high-speed receivers; III-V semiconductor; III-V semiconductors; Microprocessors; microprocessors; Optical capabilities; optical capabilities; Optical generation; optical generation; semiconductor devices; Speed; speed", thesaurus = "Gallium arsenide; III-V semiconductors; Semiconductor devices", treatment = "A Application; G General Review; P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wilkinson:1990:FSV, author = "Gerald S. Wilkinson", title = "Food Sharing in Vampire Bats", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "76--?? (Intl. ed. 64--??)", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "True to their name, vampire bats consume from 50 to 100 percent of their body weight in blood every night. A bat who fails to feed will perish in two days --- unless it can solicit food from a roostmate. The key to survival for these animals is an elaborate system of food sharing, which the author finds is based on the principle of reciprocal altruism.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Yanin:1990:AN, author = "Valentin L. Yanin", title = "The Archaeology of {Novgorod}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "84--?? (Intl. ed. 72--??)", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Opera, film and literature celebrate the glories of the medieval Russian city, whose power once extended from modern Poland to the Urals. Now Novgorod can speak for itself. Excavations have revealed layer on layer of wood dwellings and artifacts --- and hundreds of birch-bark manuscripts that record the details of daily life and illuminate historical and political issues.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:WPS, author = "Anonymous", title = "When a Polymer Sheet is Stretched, It May ``Neck'' Long Before it Snaps", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "86--??", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Arthur:1990:PFE, author = "W. Brian Arthur", title = "Positive Feedbacks in the Economy", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "92--?? (Intl. ed. 80--??)", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Classical economics sees supply and demand, prices and costs brought into nice equilibrium by negative feedback. Yet much of the economic world is nonlinear. The author and his colleagues borrow sophisticated mathematical tools from physics and apply them to describe the dynamic state of markets, the impact of technology and other aspects of economic reality.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Greiner:1990:NR, author = "Walter Greiner and Aurel Sandulescu", title = "New Radioactivities", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "34--??", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Burns:1990:OM, author = "Jack O. Burns and Nebojsa Duric and G. Jeffrey Taylor and Stewart W. Johnson", title = "Observatories on the {Moon}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "42--49 (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "What better site could there be for astronomical observations than the surface of the moon, where there is no atmosphere, low background radiation and great seismic stability? The authors propose plans for establishing high-resolution optical, radio, infrared, gamma-ray and X-ray observatories there.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "New Mexico State Univ., La Cruces, NM, USA", classification = "A9545 (Observatories); A9555C (Ground-based telescopes); A9555L (Aerospace instrumentation)", corpsource = "New Mexico State Univ., La Cruces, NM, USA", keywords = "astronomical observatories; Astronomical satellites; astronomical satellites; astronomical telescopes; Low Earth orbit; low Earth orbit; Moon based observatories; Telescopes; telescopes", thesaurus = "Astronomical observatories; Astronomical telescopes", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Smith:1990:I, author = "Kendall A. Smith", title = "{Interleukin-2}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "50--?? (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The immune system is a diffuse organ composed of many cell types that have differing, interrelated roles. How is the system controlled? It turns out that the cells communicate, and their roles are coordinated, by means of a family of hormonelike messengers. IL-2 was the first to be recognized.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wright:1990:TCR, author = "Karen Wright", title = "Trends in Communications: {The} Road to the Global Village", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "57--??", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Greiner:1990:NRN, author = "Walter Greiner and Aurel Sandulescu", title = "New radioactivities (nucleus models)", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "58--63, 66, 67", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Mon May 18 08:08:24 MDT 1998", abstract = "The processes whereby atomic nuclei decay through radioactivity have been well known for decades. There is still plenty of life in nuclear physics, though. Sophisticated theory and deft experiment have enabled the authors to predict --- and then to observe --- many new, rare forms of radioactivity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Inst. for Theor. Phys., Johann Wolfgang Goethe Univ., Frankfurt, Germany", classification = "A2110F (Shape, charge, radius, form factors and structure functions); A2160C (Shell model); A2160E (Collective models); A2390 (Other topics in nuclear decay and radioactivity)", corpsource = "Inst. for Theor. Phys., Johann Wolfgang Goethe Univ., Frankfurt, Germany", keywords = "Alpha -decay; alpha -decay; Bimodal fission; bimodal fission; Cluster radioactivity; cluster radioactivity; Cold fusion; cold fusion; Collective model; collective model; EM interactions; Energy levels; energy levels; nuclear collective model; nuclear decay by heavy ion emission; Nuclear drops; nuclear drops; nuclear shape; nuclear shell model; Nuclear structure; nuclear structure; Nucleus models; nucleus models; Strong interactions; strong interactions; Two centre shell model; two centre shell model", thesaurus = "Nuclear collective model; Nuclear decay by heavy ion emission; Nuclear shape; Nuclear shell model", treatment = "G General Review", } @Article{Johnston:1990:ESC, author = "Arch C. Johnston and Lisa R. Kanter", title = "Earthquakes in Stable Continental Crust", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "68--75 (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The word ``earthquake'' conjures up the Pacific rim and other regions where the tectonic plates making up the planet's crust interact. Yet continental sites far from plate boundaries have experienced severe earthquakes --- Missouri, for example. Just where are such events likely to occur? By what mechanisms?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Memphis State Univ., TN, USA", classification = "A9130B (Seismic sources); A9130D (Seismicity (spatial and temporal distribution)); A9135G (Crust and upper mantle)", corpsource = "Memphis State Univ., TN, USA", keywords = "Earth crust; Earthquakes; earthquakes; Seismic activity; seismic activity; seismology; Stable continental crust; stable continental crust", thesaurus = "Earth crust; Earthquakes; Seismology", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wright:1990:RGV, author = "Karen Wright", title = "The Road to the Global Village", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "83--?? (Intl. ed. 57--??)", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Tue May 19 18:01:43 MDT 1998", abstract = "The sweep of a technology as it changes contemporary life may well exceed the scope of any one investigator's experience or perception. To capture such events, the Editors of Scientific American have established a bimonthly staff-written feature called TRENDS. In this first article, editor Karen Wright asks innovators, managers and social scientists where they think the fusion of computer and communications technologies is taking us. What are the barriers that obstruct the promised road to the future?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "Airline Information System (AIS); communications technology; computer networks; computer technology; human-machine network (HuMaNet); information technology; multimedia programs; virtual reality", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:LIL, author = "Anonymous", title = "Lunar Infants, Lotteries and Meteorites Expose the Dangers of Math Abuse", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "90--??", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Sanderson:1990:SFV, author = "S. Laurie Sanderson and Richard Wassersug", title = "Suspension-Feeding Vertebrates", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "96--?? (Intl. ed. 68--??)", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Flamingos and whales have something in common: both are suspension feeders. They obtain food by taking in large quantities of water (some whales can gulp a volume equivalent to half the mass of their body) and ejecting it through a filtering system (such as baleen), thus extracting prey or plants that are much too small to be hunted individually.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Weiss:1990:UMF, author = "Joseph Weiss", title = "Unconscious Mental Functioning", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "103--?? (Intl. ed. 75--??)", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Can a patient in psychotherapy (or anyone else) make strategic decisions unconsciously? Prevailing wisdom says ``no,'' but by studying transcripts of therapy sessions, the author and his colleagues find that people can actually reason, anticipate consequences and devise plans --- all without knowing they are doing so.Patients apply such skills in the service of getting well.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Gamkrelidze:1990:EHI, author = "Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and V. V. Ivanov", title = "The Early History of {Indo-European} Languages", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "110--?? (Intl. ed. 82--??)", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Generations of scholars have tried to trace the genealogy of this great family of languages in order to recover elements of the lost ancestor language --- and also to determine just who spoke it, and where. The findings that are reported here by Soviet workers indicate that the protolanguage may have arisen in eastern Anatolia more than 6,000 years ago.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Repetto:1990:DT, author = "Robert Repetto", title = "Deforestation in the Tropics", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "36--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The world's tropical forests are vanishing at the rate of tens of thousands of square miles a year, diminishing biological diversity, perhaps promoting climate change, and depriving developing countries of valuable resources. What can be done to change the government policies in many Southern Hemisphere countries that actively promote the destruction?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Townes:1990:WHC, author = "Charles H. Townes and Reinhard Genzel", title = "What is Happening at the Center of Our Galaxy?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "46--55 (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Optical, radio and gamma-ray telescopes and infrared detectors --- including instruments devised by the authors --- show that the center contains antimatter, intense radiation, turbulent clouds of hot gas and dust and an unseen something with a tremendous gravitational pull. The weight of the evidence indicates that a massive black hole sits at the heart of the Milky Way.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA", classification = "A9850E (Galactic structure); A9850L (The Galaxy)", corpsource = "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA", keywords = "Central region; central region; Centre; centre; galactic nuclei; Galaxy; Galaxy nucleus; galaxy nucleus; Spiral galaxies; spiral galaxies", thesaurus = "Galactic nuclei; Galaxy", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Mullis:1990:UOP, author = "Kary B. Mullis", title = "The Unusual Origin of the Polymerase Chain Reaction", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "56--?? (Intl. ed. 36--??)", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "PCR is a revolutionary biochemical technology that finds --- and then multiplies exponentially --- specific stretches of DNA. The basic techniques and the necessary reagents have been around for years, but it took a stroke of insight in the course of a nighttime automobile ride to put it all together. This is a personal story of the creative process in action.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "Reprinted in Revolutions in Science special issue 1999.", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Grieve:1990:ICE, author = "Richard A. F. Grieve", title = "Impact Cratering on the {Earth}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "66--73 (Intl. ed. 44--??)", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The earth efficiently destroys evidence of its past, particularly any traces of meteoritic cratering. Yet more than 120 impact craters have been identified. Indeed, meteorite impacts may have been more common than has been thought; they may have brought on episodes of atmospheric and geologic catastrophe, perhaps accounting for major extinctions of species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Geol. Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada", classification = "A9190 (Other topics in solid Earth physics)", corpsource = "Geol. Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada", keywords = "Earth; Geology; geology; Impact cratering; impact cratering; Meteorite crater; meteorite crater; meteorite craters; Multiply shocked mineral; multiply shocked mineral; Shatter cone; shatter cone", thesaurus = "Geology; Meteorite craters", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Yelled:1990:TKK, author = "John E. Yelled", title = "The Transformation of the {Kalahari !Kung}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "72--??", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Golay:1990:ALW, author = "Michael W. Golay and Neil E. Todreas", title = "Advanced Light-Water Reactors", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "82--89 (Intl. ed. 58--??)", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Environmental concerns, economics and the earth's finite store of fossil fuels argue for a resuscitation of nuclear power. The authors think improved light-water reactors incorporating ``passive'' safety features can be both safe and profitable (provided that the utilities sharpen their management act). But can such reactors be sold successfully to a justifiably skeptical public?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA", classification = "A2850G (Light water reactors)", corpsource = "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA", keywords = "Advanced light water reactor; advanced light water reactor; Economics; economics; Fission reactor; fission reactor; fission reactors; LWR; Nuclear reactor; nuclear reactor; Safety; safety", thesaurus = "Fission reactors", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:HCC, author = "Anonymous", title = "A Homemade Copper Chloride Laser Emits Powerful Burst of Green and Yellow Light", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "88--??", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Barlow:1990:WBT, author = "Robert B. {Barlow, Jr.}", title = "What the Brain Tells the Eye", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "90--95 (Intl. ed. 66--??)", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Studies of vision in the horseshoe crab show that the animal's brain exerts substantial control over just what the eyes detect. At night, for example, the brain increases the eye's sensitivity to light by a factor of a million, thereby enabling the male to find a suitable mate in the dark. Simulations on a Connection Machine model the amplification process.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Inst. of Sensory Res., Syracuse Univ., NY, USA", classification = "A8730E (External and internal data communications, nerve conduction and synaptic transmission); A8732 (Physiological optics, vision)", corpsource = "Inst. of Sensory Res., Syracuse Univ., NY, USA", keywords = "Bioelectric; bioelectric; bioelectric phenomena; Brain; brain; Circadian rhythm; circadian rhythm; Eye; eye; Eye function; eye function; Horseshoe crab; horseshoe crab; Invertebrate zoology; invertebrate zoology; Limulus; Marine biology; marine biology; neurophysiology; Vision; vision; Visual system; visual system; zoology", thesaurus = "Bioelectric phenomena; Eye; Neurophysiology; Vision; Zoology", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Yellen:1990:TKK, author = "John E. Yellen", title = "The Transformation of the {Kalahari {!Kung}}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "96--??", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Once strictly hunter-gatherers, the {!Kung} of southern Africa are less mobile today than in the past and they even cultivate plants and tend herds of animals. What explains the shift? It is perhaps no surprise that an influx of wealth and material goods is partly to blame. Such factors may have led earlier humans to make the changeover to agriculture in prehistoric times.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Vandiver:1990:AG, author = "Pamela B. Vandiver", title = "Ancient Glazes", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "106--?? (Intl. ed. 80--??)", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "For centuries artisans have labored in vain to recreate such legendary glazed ceramics as the sea-green celadons of 13th-century China and the jewel-like tiles that adorned the palaces of the Ottoman Turks. The lost secrets of ancient glazing technology are now being revealed through the marriage of archaeology, art history and the tools of modern materials Science.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Neufeld:1990:WST, author = "Peter J. Neufeld and Neville Colman", title = "When Science Takes the Witness Stand", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "46--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Science is no stranger in the courtroom. Fingerprints along with ballistic and forensic evidence have long played a key role in the judicial process. But new technology demands careful scrutiny. Although DNA ``fingerprinting'' has been evidence in more than 1,000 cases, it is far from being infallible.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Bahcall:1990:SNP, author = "John N. Bahcall", title = "The Solar-Neutrino Problem", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "54--61 (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Far fewer neutrinos from the sun are detected than current physics predicts. But a grand unification theory that ties together all natural forces permits neutrinos to change so they are not readily detected on the earth. New detectors are being designed to spot these ``mutant'' neutrinos --- and confirm the theory.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Inst. of Adv. Study, Princeton, NJ, USA", classification = "A0130R (Reviews and tutorial papers; A1210 (Unified field theories and models); A1315 (Neutrino interactions); A1460G (Neutrinos); A9440H (Energetic solar particles and photons); A9440T (Muons and neutrinos); A9530C (Elementary particle and nuclear processes); A9660K (Interior); resource letters)", corpsource = "Inst. of Adv. Study, Princeton, NJ, USA", keywords = "cosmic ray neutrinos; Grand unification theory; grand unification theory; Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect; MSW effect; Neutrino oscillations; neutrino oscillations; reviews; solar cosmic ray particles; solar interior; Solar-neutrino problem; solar-neutrino problem; Sun; unified field theories", thesaurus = "Cosmic ray neutrinos; Neutrino oscillations; Reviews; Solar cosmic ray particles; Solar interior; Unified field theories", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wright:1990:TTS, author = "Kared Wright", title = "Trends in Transportation: {The} Shape of Things to Go", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "58--??", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Rosenberg:1990:AIC, author = "Steven A. Rosenberg", title = "Adoptive Immunotherapy for Cancer", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "62--69 (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Every so often, a cancer mysteriously disappears, probably destroyed by the patient's own defenses. With the aid of recombinant-DNA technology, researcher are boosting the odds by ``teaching'' patients' immune cells to attack cancer. Some patients have been helped and improved treatments are being tested.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Natl Cancer Inst", classification = "461", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Biological Materials---Cells; Biomedical Engineering; Cancer Treatment; Cell Transfer Therapy; Immunology; Immunotherapy; Patient Treatment", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wellnhofer:1990:A, author = "Peter Wellnhofer", title = "{Archaeopteryx}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "70--?? (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Was it a bird? Or a reptile? It turns out that Archaeopteryx was more than a little of both. The six existing fossils of this chicken-size creature, equipped with feathers and lizardlike teeth, tell an intriguing tale about how the development of flight guided the evolution of modern birds.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:FFF, author = "Anonymous", title = "How to Transform Flights of Fancy into Fractal Flora or Fauna", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "90--??", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wright:1990:STG, author = "Karen Wright", title = "The Shape of Things to Go", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "92--??", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Like all true loves, the automobile can try one's patience. Air pollution, gridlock and sprawling junkyards are just a few of the frustrations. Now automakers are reshaping industrialized society's favorite way to get around. Tomorrow's cars must minimize pollution, use fuels more efficiently and make driving safer. That requires new materials, advanced aerodynamics and electronics for everything from dashboard navigation systems to controls for engines, brakes and suspensions. Even ``smart'' highways are in the offing.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "662; 664", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Accident Prevention; Automobile Engines --- Exhaust Gases; Automobile Materials; Automobiles; Automotive Engineering; Design; Highway Systems", pagecount = "10", } @Article{Leggett:1990:SC, author = "William C. Leggett and Kenneth T. Frank", title = "The Spawning of the Capelin", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "102--?? (Intl. ed. 68--??)", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Once a year waves of a small, silvery fish called capelin swim on the beaches of Newfoundland to spawn and die. When the eggs hatch, the tiny larvae remain on the beach for hours or days. Then, in response to some signal, they head out to sea. How they know when the time is right is a fascinating story with implications for the fishing industry.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Peterson:1990:HPP, author = "Carl W. Peterson", title = "High-Performance Parachutes", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "108--?? (Intl. ed. 74--??)", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Few people would bet that a parachute could slow down a payload weighing as much as a family car if it were dropped from an airplane traveling faster than the speed of sound. But new designs using high-strength fibers can decelerate rockets, missiles and escape pods for pilots to a snail's pace in just a few seconds, landing them from low altitudes with barely a bump.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Sandia Natl Lab", affiliationaddress = "Albuquerque, NM, USA", classification = "431", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Aerodynamics; Computer Aided Analysis; Materials; Parachutes", pagecount = "7", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Caldwell:1990:HFS, author = "John C. Caldwell and Pat Caldwell", title = "High Fertility in {Sub-Saharan Africa}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "118--?? (Intl. ed. 82--??)", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "There is one exception to the nearly worldwide decline in birth rates over the past 50 years: sub-Saharan Africa. Here religious and social beliefs promote large families. The solution may be improved health care to mitigate the fear of dying without descendants. Otherwise the region will double its share of the world's population during the next century.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Ulmann:1990:R, author = "Andre Ulmann and Georges Teutsch and Daniel Philibert", title = "{Ru 486}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "42--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Most drugmakers stay out of reproductive research. The development of new contraceptives is costly, the reward slight and the risk of controversy great. France's Roussel-Uclaf was no exception. But its work on synthetic steroids turned up an unexpected result: a compound that can safely terminate pregnancy by inhibiting progesterone. Here is the investigators' own story.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Binzel:1990:P, author = "Richard P. Binzel", title = "{Pluto}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "50--58 (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Astronomers have finally pierced the veil that has surrounded the ninth planet since it was first sighted 60 years ago. They find a frigid, rocky world with bright polar caps, a surface of frozen methane and a huge moon covered with ice. Yet many questions will remain unanswered as long as Pluto continues to be the only planet not visited by a scientific spacecraft.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA", chemicalindex = "H2O/bin H2/bin H/bin O/bin; Ar/el; N2/el N/el; O2/el O/el; CO/bin C/bin O/bin", classification = "A0130R (Reviews and tutorial papers; A9630R (Pluto and satellite); resource letters)", corpsource = "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA", keywords = "Ar atmosphere; Charon; CO; Double planet; double planet; H$_{2}$O ice surface; H/sub 2/O ice surface; Methane ice surface; methane ice surface; N$_{2}$; N/sub 2/; O$_{2}$; O/sub 2/; occultations; outer planets; planetary atmospheres; Planetary diameter; planetary diameter; Planetary mass; planetary mass; Planetary methane atmosphere; planetary methane atmosphere; planetary satellites; Pluto; Pluto's characteristics; Pluto's similarities to Triton; Pluto-Charon eclipses; Pluto-Charon natural eclipse events; Pluto-Charon systems; reviews; Satellite diameter; satellite diameter; solar system; Solar system formation; solar system formation; space mission to Pluto", thesaurus = "Occultations; Planetary atmospheres; Planetary satellites; Pluto; Reviews", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Suga:1990:BNC, author = "Nobuo Suga", title = "Biosonar and Neural Computation in Bats", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "60--66, 68 (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "With an ease that would be the envy of any fighter pilot, bats use reflected sound to track and capture prey. An investigation of their complex and highly developed echolocating skill opens the way to a deep understanding of how the central nervous system processes auditory signals --- and how it extracts a wealth of information from them.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Washington Univ., St Louis, MO, USA", classification = "A0130R (Reviews and tutorial papers; A8738 (Mechano- and chemio-ceptions); resource letters)", corpsource = "Washington Univ., St Louis, MO, USA", keywords = "Bats; bats; bioacoustics; Biosonar; biosonar; Doppler shifts; Flying insect; flying insect; mechanoception; Neural computation; neural computation; neurophysiology; Outer ear structure; outer ear structure; Prey location; prey location; reviews; Sound interference pattern; sound interference pattern; Sound pulses; sound pulses; Target azimuth; target azimuth; Target size; target size", thesaurus = "Bioacoustics; Mechanoception; Neurophysiology; Reviews", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Macdonald:1990:MOR, author = "Kenneth C. Macdonald and Paul J. Fox", title = "The {Mid-Ocean Ridge}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "72--79 (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The Mid-Ocean Ridge girdles the earth like the seam of a baseball. For more than 75,000 kilometers, this submerged range of razorback mountains --- many higher than the greatest peak on land --- marks the restless boundary between continental plates. An analysis of this huge structure reveals a fascinating picture of how it is created by magma welling up as the plates pull apart.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "California Univ., Santa Barbara, CA, USA", classification = "A0130R (Reviews and tutorial papers; A9140 (Volcanology); A9145D (Plate tectonics); A9150E (Ocean bottom processes); A9150G (Bathymetry and seafloor topography); resource letters)", corpsource = "California Univ., Santa Barbara, CA, USA", keywords = "Constructive plate boundaries; constructive plate boundaries; DEVALS; Deviations from axial linearity; deviations from axial linearity; First-order discontinuities; first-order discontinuities; Fourth-order discontinuities; fourth-order discontinuities; Magma-supply model; magma-supply model; Mid-ocean ridge; mid-ocean ridge; Mid-ocean ridge segmentation; mid-ocean ridge segmentation; oceanic crust; Oceanic spreading centres; oceanic spreading centres; Off-axis structures; off-axis structures; Overlapping spreading centres; overlapping spreading centres; Plate tectonics; plate tectonics; reviews; Second-order discontinuities; second-order discontinuities; Small-scale structure; small-scale structure; tectonics; Third-order discontinuities; third-order discontinuities; Transform faults; transform faults; volcanology; Warped distorted oceanic crust; warped distorted oceanic crust", thesaurus = "Oceanic crust; Reviews; Tectonics; Volcanology", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Nahin:1990:OH, author = "Paul J. Nahin", title = "{Oliver Heaviside}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "80--??", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:SHO, author = "Anonymous", title = "Sunspots and how to observe them safely", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "88--??", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Pietsch:1990:F, author = "Theodore W. Pietsch and David B. Grobecker", title = "Frogfishes", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "96--?? (Intl. ed. 56--??)", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Beautifully camouflaged as rock, coral or some other feature of the aquatic landscape, these sedentary superpredators display a modified fin that acts as a lure. When the prey is within range, they engulf the meal in milliseconds.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Lounasmaa:1990:S, author = "Olli V. Lounasmaa and George Pickett", title = "The {$^3{\rm He}$} Superfluids", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "104--111 (Intl. ed. 64--??)", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Physicists despair at re-creating the tremendous temperatures that prevailed at the moment of the big bang. But near the low end of the scale they routinely outdo nature. At temperatures colder than any occurring normally in the universe, matter behaves strangely. Helium 3, for example, becomes superfluid. Its properties may provide insight into conditions at the core of a star.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Low Temp. Lab., Helsinki Univ. of Technol., Finland", chemicalindex = "He/el", classification = "A6750F (Superfluid phase)", corpsource = "Low Temp. Lab., Helsinki Univ. of Technol., Finland", keywords = "$^{3}$He; /Sup 3/He; Cooper pairs; quantum mechanics; Quantum mechanics; superfluid helium-3; superfluids; Superfluids; vortices; Vortices", thesaurus = "Cooper pairs; Superfluid helium-3; Vortices", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Reganold:1990:SA, author = "John P. Reganold and Robert I. Papendick and James F. Parr", title = "Sustainable Agriculture", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "112--?? (Intl. ed. 72--??)", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Chemical-intensive, fossil fuel-dependent farming made U.S. agriculture the most productive in the world. The price: polluted water, barren soil and economic vulnerability. Growing numbers of farmers are now turning to practices that aim for a ``sustainable agriculture.'' They are profitably applying such techniques as crop rotation, biological pest control and natural fertilization.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Nahin:1990:OHB, author = "Paul J. Nahin", title = "{Oliver Heaviside} (biography)", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "122--129", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Mon May 18 08:08:24 MDT 1998", abstract = "Every time you talk on the telephone, you benefit from the work of this forgotten Victorian genius. A brilliant, self-taught mathematician, he held only one job --- that of a telegraph operator and quit at 24. He then clarified Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, invented a device that makes long-distance telephony possible and became the first to use vectors to describe forces.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "New Hampshire Univ., Durham, NH, USA", classification = "A0160 (Biographical, historical, and personal notes)", corpsource = "New Hampshire Univ., Durham, NH, USA", keywords = "Age; age; biographies; Biography; biography; Circuit design; circuit design; Earth; Electromagnetic induction; electromagnetic induction; Maxwell's equations; Maxwell's theory; Oliver Heaviside; Operational calculus; operational calculus", thesaurus = "Biographies", treatment = "G General Review", } @Article{White:1990:GCD, author = "Robert M. White", title = "The Great Climate Debate", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "36--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "There is no doubt that human activity is increasing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Whether that spells sweeping global climate change is still much debated. Should we act to blunt the impact in the face of this uncertainty? The author thinks so.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{DeRobertis:1990:HGV, author = "Eddy M. {De Robertis} and Guillermo Oliver and Christopher V. E. Wright", title = "Homeobox Genes and the Vertebrate Body Plan", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "46--?? (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "What tells some embryonic cells to become limbs and other seemingly identical cells to form complex organs? It is a fascinating group of genes with a common feature called the homeobox. Key to development in many animals, these genes are remarkably similar in fruit flies, frogs --- and humans.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Corcoran:1990:TAN, author = "Elizabeth Corcoran and Tim Beardsley", title = "Trends in Aerospace: {The} New Space Race", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "50--??", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Myers:1990:LC, author = "Stephen Myers and Emilio Picasso", title = "The {LEP} Collider", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "54--61 (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Until the U.S. builds its Superconducting Supercollider, Europe's Large Electron-Positron Collider is the big gun in particle physics. Almost from the very start in July, 1989, the LEP has produced important results. The design and construction of this giant research tool is a story in its own right.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "European Lab. for Particle Phys., Geneva, Switzerland", classification = "A2920D (Storage rings); A2920L (Synchrotrons); B7410 (Accelerators)", corpsource = "European Lab. for Particle Phys., Geneva, Switzerland", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "electron accelerators; Large electron-positron collider; large electron-positron collider; LEP; storage rings; synchrotrons; Z degrees particles", thesaurus = "Electron accelerators; Storage rings; Synchrotrons", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Atkinson:1990:WCD, author = "Mark A. Atkinson and Noel K. Maclaren", title = "What Causes Diabetes?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "62--?? (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "With insulin injections, the diagnosis of type I diabetes is no longer a death sentence. But this treatment is not a cure. A new understanding of how the immune system is turned against the body's own insulin-producing cells is pointing to ways this devastating disease may one day be prevented --- or halted.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Corcoran:1990:NSR, author = "Elizabeth Corcoran and Tim Beardsley", title = "The New Space Race", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "72--??", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "This time around the prize is not military supremacy --- it's market share. The U.S., Europe, the Soviet Union, China and Japan are competing intensely for the satellite-launch business. The front-runners will be those nations that apply fuel chemistry, materials science and electronics to engineer less expensive ways to reach orbit. There aren't enough payloads to go around, and the prospect of manufacturing in space is still elusive. So the contest won't be over until researchers discover what --- if anything --- is commercially viable in space.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", pagecount = "10", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:OJA, author = "Anonymous", title = "An Odd Journey Along Even Roads Leads to Home in {Golygon City}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "86--??", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Conkling:1990:P, author = "John A. Conkling", title = "Pyrotechnics", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "96--?? (Intl. ed. 66--??)", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Fireworks have awed and delighted for centuries. They also have illuminated battlefields and concealed weapons and troops. Early pyrotechnicians worked by guess and by gosh, often passing the secrets of those brilliant displays down through the generations. Modern chemistry reveals the processes underlying the sounds, shapes and colors --- and finds surprising new uses for pyrotechnic devices.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "atomic emission; chemistry of pyrotechnics; design and composition of fireworks; fireworks displays; incandescent emission; molecular emission; pyrotechnic fuels", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Newhouse:1990:CB, author = "Joseph R. Newhouse", title = "Chestnut Blight", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "106--?? (Intl. ed. 74--??)", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Settlers in eastern North America were greeted by nearly unbroken forests of majestic chestnut trees. This versatile hardwood provided food, fuel, furniture and fence posts. Then, beginning around 1900, the chestnut was all but wiped out by a blight from Asia. Now biotechnology has uncovered the genetic basis for the disease's virulence, pointing to ways the fungus might be controlled.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Graham:1990:RT, author = "Ronald L. Graham and Joel H. Spencer", title = "{Ramsey} Theory", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "112--?? (Intl. ed. 80--85)", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Distributed/QLD/1990.bib; Compendex database", abstract = "The brilliant mathematician Frank Plumpton Ramsey proved that complete disorder is an impossibility. Every large set of numbers, points or objects necessarily contains a highly regular pattern.", abstract-2 = "Stargazers have always found patterns in the sky. But what governs the shape of constellations? In 1928 mathematician Frank Plumpton Ramsey proved that a large enough number of stars will produce any pattern --- from a rectangle to the Big Dipper. By figuring out just how many numbers guarantee a certain pattern, Ramsey theorists help engineers to design better communications networks.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "(VBI-002858)", date = "01/07/93", descriptors = "Simulation; RNG;", enum = "9880", journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Nolan:1990:TWB, author = "Janne E. Nolan and Albert D. Wheelon", title = "{Third World} Ballistic Missiles", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "34--?? (Intl. ed. 16--??)", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The U.S. and the Soviet Union may have buried the hatchet, but the missiles are still out there. More and more of them. Today the governments of Third World countries such as Syria, Iraq, Brazil and Korea have ballistic missiles and the technology to build them. Some may have nuclear capability. So the threat of a government or terrorist group launching an attack is more chilling than ever.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Cava:1990:SB, author = "Robert J. Cava", title = "Superconductors Beyond 1-2-3", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "42--49 (Intl. ed. 24--??)", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "In the past four years researchers have developed a dozen ceramics whose electric resistance vanishes at temperatures as high as 125 kelvins. In all the best superconductors, planes of copper and oxygen atoms compete against layers of other elements for electrons. Chemists have now learned to stack the odds against one of the competitors to achieve higher transition temperatures.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "AT\&T Bell Laboratories", affiliationaddress = "Murray Hill, NJ, USA", chemicalindex = "Cu/ss O/ss; YBaCuO/ss Ba/ss Cu/ss O/ss Y/ss", classification = "544; 547; 549; 701; 708; 812; A6160 (Specific structure of inorganic compounds); A7410 (Occurrence, critical temperature); A7470V (Perovskite phase superconductors)", corpsource = "AT and T Bell Labs., Murray Hill, NJ, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Bismuth Compounds; Bismuth Strontium Copper Oxides; Ceramic Materials; crystal atomic structure of inorganic compounds; Cu-O planes; Electronic state; electronic state; Electronically active planes; electronically active planes; High Temperature Superconductors; High temperature superconductors; High Temperature Superconductors; high temperature superconductors; high-temperature superconductors; Oxide Superconductors; Reviews; Structures; structures; Thallium Barium Calcium Copper Oxides; Thallium Compounds; Transition temperature; transition temperature; Y-Ba-Cu-O; Yttrium Barium Copper Oxides; Yttrium Compounds", thesaurus = "Crystal atomic structure of inorganic compounds; High-temperature superconductors", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Mills:1990:ARI, author = "John Mills and Henry Masur", title = "{AIDS}-Related Infections", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "50--?? (Intl. ed. 32--??)", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "It is not the HIV virus that kills most AIDS patients. It is a fatal progression of opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis pneumonia that flourish as the virus weakens the body's immune system. Because these infections account for as many as 90 percent of AIDS deaths, prolonging lives depends on controlling them. New treatments are helping.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Jurgens:1990:LF, author = "Hartmut J{\"u}rgens and Heinz-Otto Peitgen and Dietmar Saupe", title = "The Language of Fractals", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "60--?? (Intl. ed. 40--??)", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "With fractal geometry, mathematicians can describe the beats of a dying heart or the birth of a storm cloud with the same ease that an architect can draw the blueprints for a house. They can also generate complex structures precisely, using only a few mathematical ``words.'' Fractal algorithms may help cut the complexity and cost of transmitting and storing images.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Berry:1990:WMF, author = "R. Stephen Berry", title = "When the melting and freezing points are not the same", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "68--72, 74 (Intl. ed. 50--??)", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Freezing and melting points are not always one and the same. Experiments with atomic clusters --- small groups of atoms that share the properties of individual molecules and bulk materials --- show that these two temperatures can actually be very different. Depending on the available energy, clusters can simultaneously exist as solids and liquids, then jump abruptly to either state.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Chicago Univ., IL, USA", classification = "A3640 (Atomic and molecular clusters); A6470D (Solid-liquid transitions)", corpsource = "Chicago Univ., IL, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Atomic clusters; atomic clusters; freezing; Freezing point; freezing point; Liquid; liquid; Melting point; melting point; Solid; solid", thesaurus = "Atomic clusters; Freezing; Melting point", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Handel:1990:SDA, author = "Steven N. Handel and Andrew J. Beattie", title = "Seed Dispersal by Ants", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "76--?? (Intl. ed. 58--??)", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Many seeds get around by sticking to the fur (or clothes) of passing mammals. But a large number of plants have evolved seeds that are designed to be dispersed by ants. Instead of burrs, these seeds grow a tasty lump of fat. The ants carry the seeds home, eat the fat and discard the rest, which then germinates.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Jones:1990:GWT, author = "Philip D. Jones and Tom M. L. Wigley", title = "Global Warming Trends", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "84--?? (Intl. ed. 66--??)", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "One way to see if the earth is actually getting warmer is to check historical temperature records. A decade ago the authors began to do just that. They collected a hodgepodge of readings going back 300 years. Then they attempted to quantify the data. Their verdict: a 0.5-degree Celsius increase.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:URS, author = "Anonymous", title = "How to Monitor Ultraviolet Radiation from the {Sun}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "86--??", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Kinoshita:1990:MAR, author = "June Kinoshita", title = "{Maya} Art for the Record", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "92--?? (Intl. ed. 74--??)", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Maya scholars owe a lot to a determined Englishwoman named Adela Catherine Breton. In 1900 she rode into the ruins of Chichen Itza where she spent the next eight years sketching and painting the fading murals and reliefs. Today her record is all that remains of many of those invaluable works of art. Other artists are now making similar copies of the last originals before they, too, are obliterated.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anon:1990:AS, author = "Anon", title = "Amateur scientist", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "106--??", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Davis:1990:EPE, author = "Ged R. Davis", title = "Energy for {Planet Earth}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "54--60, 62 (Intl. ed. 20--27)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Human beings depend on energy for their livelihood. As population and energy production grow so does the threat to the environment. Achieving a sustainable relationship between energy and the environment hinges on technological innovation and our ability to generate and use energy in ecologically sound ways.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Shell Int Petroleum Co Ltd in London", affiliationaddress = "Engl", chemicalindex = "CO2/bin O2/bin C/bin O/bin", classification = "A8610 (Energy resources and their utilisation); B8210 (Energy resources); 454; 481; 525; 657", corpsource = "Shell Int. Pet. Co. Ltd., UK", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "CO$_{2}$ emissions; CO/sub 2/ emissions; Efficiency improvements; efficiency improvements; Energy requirements; energy requirements; energy resources; Energy sources; energy sources; Environment; environment; Fossil fuels; fossil fuels; Sustainable Earth; sustainable Earth; Delivered Energy; Earth Atmosphere --- Radiation; Energy Conservation; Energy Management; Energy Policy; Energy Resources --- Renewable; Energy Utilization; Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions; Global Warming; Horizontal Drilling; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; Three Dimensional Seismic Techniques", thesaurus = "Energy resources", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Bleviss:1990:EMV, author = "Deborah L. Bleviss and Peter Walzer", title = "Energy for Motor Vehicles", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "54--61 (or 102--109??)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The world's fleet of cars, trucks and buses, numbering 500 million, grows faster than the human population and consumes half of the world's oil. More efficient engines, alternative fuels and new transit systems promise to slow the growth in oil consumption and mitigate its environmental consequences.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Int Inst for Energy Conservation in Washington, DC, USA", affiliationaddress = "Washington, DC, USA", classification = "403; 432; 523; 804; B8210 (Energy resources); B8520 (Transportation)", corpsource = "Int. Inst. for Energy Conservation, Washington, DC, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Electric Vehicles; Electric vehicles; electric vehicles; Energy efficiency; energy efficiency; Energy Efficient Vehicle Design; Engine technology; engine technology; Ethanol; fuel; Fuel Economy; Fuels; fuels; Motor vehicles; motor vehicles; Nitrogen Oxides; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; Pollution reduction; pollution reduction; Prometheus Project; road vehicles; Stratified Charge Technology; Traffic flow; traffic flow; Transportation systems; transportation systems; Urban Planning --- Transportation; Vehicles; Volvo LCP 2000", thesaurus = "Electric vehicles; Fuel; Road vehicles", treatment = "P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Fickett:1990:EUE, author = "Arnold P. Fickett and Clark W. Gellings and Amory B. Lovins", title = "Efficient Use of Electricity", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "64--68, 71--74 (Intl. ed. 28--36)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The demand for electrically seems almost insatiable. But building new power plants is costly, time-consuming and can harm the environment. A promising solution --- and one the utilities themselves are pushing --- is greater efficiency. Lights and motors are a good place to begin.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)", classification = "B8500 (Power utilisation); 525; 705; 706; 707", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Efficiency improvement; efficiency improvement; Electricity consumption; electricity consumption; Energy saving; energy saving; Lighting; lighting; Motors; motors; power utilisation; Refrigeration; refrigeration; Efficient Electricity Usage; Electric Lighting; Electric Motors; Electric Power Utilization; Energy Conservation; Energy Efficient Technologies; Energy Utilization; Fluorescent Lighting; United States Clean Air Act", thesaurus = "Power utilisation", treatment = "P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Chandler:1990:ESU, author = "William U. Chandler and Alexei A. Makarov and Zhou Dadi", title = "Energy for the {Soviet Union}, {Eastern Europe} and {China}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "74--80 (or 120--127??)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The emerging democracies face the challenge of reconciling economic growth with an environmental imperative that the central planners chose to ignore. China, with its expanding population and heavy dependence on coal, faces similar hurdles. Economic reforms and new technology from the West can help.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Adv. Int. Studies Unit at Batelle, Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA, USA; Univ of Tennessee", classification = "525; 614; 642; 804; 901; 911; A8610 (Energy resources and their utilisation); B8210 (Energy resources); B8500 (Power utilisation)", corpsource = "Adv. Int. Studies Unit at Batelle, Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Acid Rain; Carbon Dioxide --- Environmental Impact; China; Coal; coal; Cogeneration Plants; Desulphurization Equipment; Eastern Europe; Economics --- Fuel Consumption; Efficiency; Energy Intensity; Energy Resources; energy resources; Energy supply; energy supply; Energy use; energy use; Energy Utilization; Environmental protection; environmental protection; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Natural gas; natural gas; Nuclear power; nuclear power; Oil; oil; power utilisation; Process Automation; Soviet Union; Sulphur Dioxide Deposition; Technology --- Environmental Impact", thesaurus = "Energy resources; Power utilisation", treatment = "G General Review; P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Bevington:1990:EBH, author = "Rick Bevington and Arthur H. Rosenfeld", title = "Energy for Buildings and Homes", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "76--?? (Intl. ed. 38--45)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Improvements during the 1970's and 1980's cut energy use in U.S. buildings by a third. Even more powerful are today's technologies, which range from advanced heating, cooling and lightning systems to superwindows and automated controls. They improve comfort and dramatically reduce operating costs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Johnson Yokogawa", classification = "B8530B (Light sources); B8530D (Lighting); B8540 (Electric heating); B8550 (Air conditioning); C3340B (Heat systems); C7420 (Control engineering); 402; 525; 643; 714; 723", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "air conditioning; Automated-control systems; automated-control systems; Building energy bills; building energy bills; Commercial buildings; commercial buildings; Compact fluorescent lights; compact fluorescent lights; fluorescent lamps; heating; home automation; HVAC systems; Light-colored buildings; light-colored buildings; lighting; Residential buildings; residential buildings; Shade trees; shade trees; Superwindows; superwindows; ventilation; Air Conditioning --- Efficiency; Automated Control Systems; Buildings; Commercial Building Energy Consumption; Energy Policy; Heating --- Efficiency; Johnson Controls; Microprocessor Chips --- Applications; Retrofitting; Smart Homes; Solar Radiation Reduction; Superwindows; Windows --- Energy Conservation", pagecount = "7", thesaurus = "Air conditioning; Fluorescent lamps; Heating; Home automation; Lighting; Ventilation", treatment = "P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Ross:1990:EI, author = "Marc H. Ross and Daniel Steinmeyer", title = "Energy for Industry", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "88--?? (Intl. ed. 46--53)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Economic growth and energy use once marched in lockstep. Now industrial output is climbing while energy use declines. Incremental changes in processing --- including sensors and on-line control systems --- are the reason. Further savings, though, may require technological breakthroughs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Univ of Michigan at Ann Arbor", affiliationaddress = "MI, USA", classification = "B8500 (Power utilisation); B8600 (Industrial applications of power); 402; 534; 545; 641; 811; 912", corpsource = "Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Cost optimisation; cost optimisation; Energy conservation; energy conservation; Industrial energy consumption; industrial energy consumption; Industrial energy supply; industrial energy supply; Industrial processes; industrial processes; industries; Materials recycling; materials recycling; power utilisation; Process refinement; process refinement; Economic Energy Optimization; Energy Utilization; Gradual Process Refinement; Industrial Energy Consumption; Industrial Engineering --- Recycling; Industrial Plants; Open Hearth Furnaces; Paper and Pulp Industry; Steelmaking --- Basic Oxygen Process; Thermodynamics --- Analysis", pagecount = "6", thesaurus = "Industries; Power utilisation", treatment = "P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Reddy:1990:EDW, author = "Amulya K. N. Reddy and Jose Goldemberg", title = "Energy for the Developing World", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "110--118 (or 62--72??) (Intl. ed. 62--72)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The developing world faces a dilemma: it needs energy to meet its people's aspirations, yet producing vastly more energy is expensive and threatens the environment. New conservation-minded technologies that deliver more services for less energy may be the answer.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Indian Inst of Science", affiliationaddress = "Bangalore, India", classification = "A8610B (Fossil and other fuels); B8210 (Energy resources); 481; 523; 525; 657; A8610B (Fossil and other fuels); B8210 (Energy resources)", corpsource = "Indian Inst. of Sci., Bangalore, India", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "DEFENDUS scenario; developing countries; end-use technologies; energy conservation; energy consumption; energy requirements; energy resources; energy services; environmental damage; fossil fuels; generating capacity; Karnataka; southern India; wood; Biomass; Defendus Energy Strategies; DEFENDUS scenario; Defendus Scenarios; Developing countries; Efficient End Use Technologies; End-use technologies; Energy conservation; Energy consumption; Energy Management; Energy requirements; Energy Resources; Energy services; Energy Utilization; Environmental damage; Environmental Impact; Ethanol --- Distillation; Fossil fuels; Generating capacity; Global Carbon Emissions; Hydroelectric Dams; Karnataka; LRPPP; South America; Southern India; Wood", thesaurus = "Energy resources", treatment = "P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:CGH, author = "Anonymous", title = "How to Resurrect a Cat from Its Grin", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "124--??", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Fulkerson:1990:EFF, author = "William Fulkerson and Roddie R. Judkins and Manoj K. Sanghvi", title = "Energy from Fossil Fuels", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "128--135 (Intl. ed. 82--89)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Coal, oil and natural gas are versatile, accessible and affordable and thus dominate the world's fuel supply --- but at what cost to the environment? New technologies aim to minimize the unwanted impact of fossil fuels, buying time until other fuels are available.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Oak Ridge Nat Lab", affiliationaddress = "Oak Ridge, TN, USA", chemicalindex = "CO2/bin O2/bin C/bin O/bin", classification = "451; 454; 522; 523; 524; 525; A8610B (Fossil and other fuels); B8210 (Energy resources)", corpsource = "Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., TN, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Acid deposition; acid deposition; Air Pollution --- Nitrogen Oxides; Atmosphere; atmosphere; Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration; Carbon Dioxide --- Control; Clean Coal Technology Program; CO$_{2}$; Coal; coal; Energy Utilization; Environmental Engineering; Environmental Impact; Environmental Protection; Environmental Stress; Fossil fuels; fossil fuels; Fossil Fuels --- Environmental Impact; Fossil-fuel combustion; fossil-fuel combustion; fuel; Global warming; global warming; Greenhouse gases; greenhouse gases; Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycles; Intercooled Steam Injected Gas Turbine Systems; Natural gas; natural gas; Oil; oil; Urban smog; urban smog", thesaurus = "Fuel", treatment = "P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Hafele:1990:ENP, author = "Wolf H{\"a}fele", title = "Energy from Nuclear Power", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "136--142, 144 (Intl. ed. 90--??)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Nuclear power should play a pivotal and expanded role in supplying world energy, the author says. Risks must be minimized by designing a new generation of safe reactors and agreeing to establish an international regulatory body to oversee security and the storage of waste.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Juelich Research Cent", affiliationaddress = "Juelich, West Ger", classification = "525 and 613 and 621 and 622 and 932 and A8610N (Nuclear energy) and B8220 (Nuclear power stations and plants)", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Carbon Dioxide Reduction Technologies; Energy Conservation; Energy Utilization; Environmental demands; Hybrid Nuclear Reactors; International Atomic Energy Agency; International Tokamak Reactor Experiment; Nuclear Energy; Nuclear Fuels --- Reprocessing; Nuclear Industry; Nuclear power; Nuclear Power Plants --- Accident Prevention; Nuclear Reactors --- Wastes; Nuclear weapon proliferation; Safety; Tarapur Reactors; World Commission Of Environment and Development", thesaurus = "Nuclear power", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Weinberg:1990:ES, author = "Carl J. Weinberg and Robert H. Williams", title = "Energy from the {Sun}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "146--155 (Intl. ed. 98--106)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Interest in solar-derived technologies is resurging in response to mounting environmental concerns, including the threat of climate change. Progress is occurring rapidly. Advances in wind, solar-thermal and biomass technologies will soon render them cost-competitive with gasoline and coal-generated electricity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Pacific Gas and Electr. Co., San Francisco, CA, USA", chemicalindex = "H2/el H/el", classification = "A8610D (Wind energy); A8630J (Photoelectric conversion; A8630P (Photosynthesis); A8630S (Photothermal conversion); A8640K (Hydrogen storage and technology); B8250 (Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systems); B8260 (Other power stations and plants); B8420 (Solar cells and arrays); solar cells and arrays); 525; 611; 615; 657; 804", corpsource = "Pacific Gas and Electr. Co., San Francisco, CA, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "bioenergy conversion; Biomass; biomass; Biomass fuel; biomass fuel; H$_{2}$ production; H/sub 2/ production; hydrogen economy; PV power systems; solar absorber-convertors; solar cell arrays; Solar cells; solar cells; Solar energy; solar energy; Solar thermal electric generation; solar thermal electric generation; Wind power; wind power; Altamont Wind Farms; Biomass; Electric Power Research Institute; Energy Resources; Hydrogen --- Energy Resources; Hydropower; Photovoltaic Cells; Power Generation --- Solar Energy; Solar Energy; Solar Natural Gas Hybrid Electric Power Plants; Solar Thermal Electric Technology; United States Department Of Energy; Wind Power", thesaurus = "Bioenergy conversion; Hydrogen economy; Solar absorber-convertors; Solar cell arrays; Wind power", treatment = "P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Holdren:1990:ET, author = "John P. Holdren", title = "Energy in Transition", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "156--163 (Intl. ed. 108--115)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The relationship between energy and the world's economics has begun to change fundamentally. To manage that change, a two-pronged strategy is required based on ``no regrets'' and ``insurance policy'' actions. But steps must be taken soon, or the effectiveness of such actions will weaken.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Univ of California", affiliationaddress = "Berkeley, CA, USA", classification = "A8610 (Energy resources and their utilisation); B8210 (Energy resources); 462; 522; 523; 524; 525; 657", corpsource = "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Coal burning; Energy efficiency; Energy-society interaction; Environmental impacts; Natural gas; Oil; Biomass --- Energy Resources; Commercial Building Retrofitting; Ecological Threats; Energy Management; Energy Resources; Fossil Fuels --- Environmental Impact; Greenhouse Gases; Nuclear Power Plants; Renewable Energy Resources; Solar Energy --- Energy Resources", thesaurus = "Energy resources", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Hsu:1990:GCM, author = "Feng-hsiung Hsu and Thomas Anantharaman and Murray Campbell and Andreas Nowatzyk", title = "A Grandmaster Chess Machine", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "18--24", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA", classification = "C1230 (Artificial intelligence); C7830D (Computer games)", corpsource = "IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA", keywords = "Chess computers; chess computers; computer games; Deep Thought; Exhibition match; exhibition match; games of skill; Grandmaster chess machine; grandmaster chess machine; History; history; Karpov; Kasparov; Searching engine; searching engine; VLSI single chip move generator; World champion; world champion", thesaurus = "Computer games; Games of skill", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Feng-hsiung:1990:GCM, author = "Hsu Feng-hsiung and Thomas Anantharaman and Murray Campbell and Andreas Nowatzyk", title = "A Grandmaster Chess Machine", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "44--??", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Will a chess-playing computer defeat a grandmaster by the year 2000? ``No way,'' said world chess champion Gary K. Kasparov in 1988. But less than a year later, Deep Thought, a computer designed by the authors, did just that. Already under way is the construction of a successor machine that will be 1,000 times faster. Itmay be able to mount a serious challenge to Kasparov as early as 1992.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Sapienza:1990:PIG, author = "Carmen Sapienza", title = "Parental Imprinting of Genes", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "52--?? (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "When Gregor Mendel crossed wrinkled peas with round ones, all the progeny were round, regardless of whether the round pea plant was the male or the female. But some genes break that rule of classic genetics. Their expression depends on which parent they came from. Parentally imprinted genes play a role in some cancers and in such inherited disorders as Huntington's disease.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Spindel:1990:OAT, author = "Robert C. Spindel and Peter F. Worcester", title = "Ocean Acoustic Tomography", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "62--67 (or 94--??)", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Oceanographers have borrowed a technique from physicians for studying deep-sea currents and temperatures. The method is tomography. Instead of X rays, researchers use sound to create three-dimensional images of the waters that cover 70 percent of the earth's surface and strongly influence its climate.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Appl. Phys. Lab., Washington Univ., Seattle, WA, USA", classification = "A4330 (Underwater sound); A9385 (Instrumentation and techniques for geophysical, hydrospheric and lower atmosphere research); B7710D (Oceanography and hydrology)", corpsource = "Appl. Phys. Lab., Washington Univ., Seattle, WA, USA", keywords = "10 KHz; 10 kHz; acoustic arrays; Currents; currents; Deep sound channel; deep sound channel; Ducted propagation; ducted propagation; Eddies; eddies; Ocean acoustic tomography; ocean acoustic tomography; oceanographic techniques; Pressure changes; pressure changes; Refraction; refraction; Temperature changes; temperature changes; Transmitter/receiver arrays; transmitter/receiver arrays; underwater sound", numericalindex = "Frequency 1.0E+04 Hz", thesaurus = "Acoustic arrays; Oceanographic techniques; Underwater sound", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Pepper:1990:PE, author = "David M. Pepper and Jack Feinberg and Nicolai V. Kukhtarev", title = "The Photorefractive Effect", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "62--?? (Intl. ed. 34--40)", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Pass a laser beam through a crystal of barium titanate, and suddenly it fans out like a peacock's tail. Somehow the light alters the optical properties of the crystal. Such photorefractive materials are the basis of promising technologies that range from isolating moving images in biology experiments or military encounters to switching beams of light for superfast optical computers.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Dept. of Opt. Phys., Hughes Res. Labs., Malibu, CA, USA", classification = "A4265 (Nonlinear optics); A4270G (Light-sensitive materials); A7820D (Optical constants and parameters)", corpsource = "Dept. of Opt. Phys., Hughes Res. Labs., Malibu, CA, USA", keywords = "Nonlinear optical materials; nonlinear optical materials; nonlinear optics; Optical components; optical components; Optical computing; optical computing; Photorefractive effect; photorefractive effect; Refractive index; refractive index", thesaurus = "Nonlinear optics; Photorefractive effect", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Horgan:1990:TCU, author = "John Horgan", title = "Trends in Cosmology: {Universal} Truths", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "74--??", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Alvarez:1990:WCM, author = "Walter Alvarez and Frank Asaro", title = "What Caused the Mass Extinction? an Extraterrestrial