%%% -*-BibTeX-*-
%%% ====================================================================
%%%  BibTeX-file{
%%%     author          = "Nelson H. F. Beebe",
%%%     version         = "2.04",
%%%     date            = "27 April 2005",
%%%     time            = "06:35:09 MST",
%%%     filename        = "computer1990.bib",
%%%     address         = "University of Utah
%%%                        Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB
%%%                        155 S 1400 E RM 233
%%%                        Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090
%%%                        USA",
%%%     telephone       = "+1 801 581 5254",
%%%     FAX             = "+1 801 581 4148",
%%%     URL             = "http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe",
%%%     checksum        = "20850 47493 185014 1793541",
%%%     email           = "beebe at math.utah.edu, beebe at acm.org,
%%%                        beebe at computer.org, beebe at ieee.org
%%%                        (Internet)",
%%%     codetable       = "ISO/ASCII",
%%%     keywords        = "bibliography, BibTeX, IEEE Computer",
%%%     supported       = "yes",
%%%     docstring       = "This is a bibliography of publications in
%%%                        the IEEE journal Computer (CODEN CPTRB4, ISSN
%%%                        0018-9162), for the years 1990--1999.  The
%%%                        companion bibliographies, computer19xxbib and
%%%                        computer20xx.bib, cover other decades.
%%%
%%%                        There is a World Web Wide site for this
%%%                        journal at
%%%
%%%                            http://www.computer.org/computer/
%%%
%%%                        with (pagenumber-less) tables of contents,
%%%                        links to article abstracts, and subject and
%%%                        author indexes, for 1993--date.
%%%
%%%                        In the bibliography entries below, URLs point
%%%                        to freely-accessible abstracts in HTML form,
%%%                        and to full text of articles in Adobe
%%%                        Portable Document Format (PDF) form; the
%%%                        latter requires an electronic journal
%%%                        subscription with username and password.
%%%
%%%                        At version 2.04, the year coverage looked
%%%                        like this:
%%%
%%%                             1990 ( 101)    1994 ( 197)    1998 ( 293)
%%%                             1991 ( 106)    1995 ( 245)    1999 ( 306)
%%%                             1992 ( 166)    1996 ( 282)    2000 (   2)
%%%                             1993 ( 175)    1997 ( 277)
%%%
%%%                             Article:       2150
%%%
%%%                             Total entries: 2150
%%%
%%%                        The initial draft of this bibliography for
%%%                        the years 1990--1996 contained 963 entries,
%%%                        and was constructed primarily from the OCLC
%%%                        Contents1st database.  Regrettably, that
%%%                        database does not record final page numbers
%%%                        of journal articles, so there are many page
%%%                        ranges of the form 123--?? in this
%%%                        bibliography.  The collection was then
%%%                        augmented with 398 entries from the author's
%%%                        personal bibliography files, and from a May
%%%                        1994 snapshot of the huge Computer Science
%%%                        bibliography archive on ftp.ira.uka.de.
%%%                        Later additions came from the Compendex
%%%                        databases (1970--1996), and the IEEE INSPEC
%%%                        CD ROM database (1989--1995).
%%%
%%%                        BibTeX citation tags are uniformly chosen
%%%                        as name:year:abbrev, where name is the
%%%                        family name of the first author or editor,
%%%                        year is a 4-digit number, and abbrev is a
%%%                        3-letter condensation of important title
%%%                        words. Citation tags were automatically
%%%                        generated by software developed for the
%%%                        BibNet Project.
%%%
%%%                        In this bibliography, entries are sorted by
%%%                        journal, and then by publication order, with
%%%                        the help of ``bibsort -byvolume''.  The bibsort
%%%                        utility is available from ftp.math.utah.edu
%%%                        in /pub/tex/bib.
%%%
%%%                        Fields within entries have been put into a
%%%                        consistent order by the biborder utility,
%%%                        and the entire bibliography has been
%%%                        processed by the bibclean syntax checker
%%%                        and prettyprinter, and by bibcheck.  These
%%%                        tools are available in the same archive as
%%%                        bibsort.
%%%
%%%                        Spelling has been verified with the UNIX
%%%                        spell and GNU ispell programs using the
%%%                        exception dictionary stored in the
%%%                        companion with extension .sok.  Numerous
%%%                        heuristic checks on the validity of the
%%%                        bibliography files have also been made
%%%                        using software developed by the author for
%%%                        maintenance of the TeX Users Group and
%%%                        BibNet bibliography collections.
%%%
%%%                        The checksum field above contains a CRC-16
%%%                        checksum as the first value, followed by the
%%%                        equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word
%%%                        count) utility output of lines, words, and
%%%                        characters.  This is produced by Robert
%%%                        Solovay's checksum utility.",
%%%  }
%%% ====================================================================

@Preamble{
    "\hyphenation{
        Berg-mark
        Chang-hwa
        Cher-kas-sky
        Krueg-er
        Ma-rie
        No-bu-ya-su
        Pra-san-na
        Sa-ri-ka-ya
        Tha-zhu-tha-vee-til
        Wheel-chairs
    }"
}

%%----------------------------------------------------------------------
%% Acknowledgement abbreviations:

@String{ack-nhfb = "Nelson H. F. Beebe,
                    University of Utah,
                    Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB,
                    155 S 1400 E RM 233,
                    Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090, USA,
                    Tel: +1 801 581 5254,
                    FAX: +1 801 581 4148,
                    e-mail: \path|beebe@math.utah.edu|,
                            \path|beebe@acm.org|,
                            \path|beebe@computer.org|,
                            \path|beebe@ieee.org| (Internet),
                    URL: \path|http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/|"}

@String{ack-nj = "Norbert Juffa,
                  2445 Mission College Blvd.
                  Santa Clara, CA 95054
                  USA
                  email: \path=norbert@iit.com="}

%%----------------------------------------------------------------------
%% Journal abbreviations:

@String{j-COMPUTER              = "Computer"}

%%----------------------------------------------------------------------
%% Bibliography entries:

@Article{McLean:1990:SMC,
  author =       "John McLean",
  title =        "The Specification and Modeling of Computer Security",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "9--16",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Computer security models can limit the damage caused
                 by Trojan Horse programs, especially if the limitations
                 of the widely accepted BLP model are eliminated as
                 proposed here.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "US Naval Research Lab, Washington, DC, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; 914; C6130 (Data handling techniques)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Access Control; Bell and LaPadula model; BLP model;
                 Computer Security Models; Computer security models;
                 Computer Systems, Digital; Data Processing--Security of
                 Data; Discretionary access control; Files; Industrial
                 security; MAC; Mandatory access control; National
                 security; Protection; Security levels; Software
                 specification; Trusted Computer Systems; Trusted
                 computer systems",
  thesaurus =    "Security of data",
}

@Article{Parnas:1990:ECP,
  author =       "David Lorge Parnas",
  title =        "Education for Computing Professionals",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "17--22",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Computing science graduates are ending up in
                 engineering jobs. CS programs must therefore return to
                 a. classical engineering approach that emphasizes
                 fundamentals rather than the latest fads.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ont., Canada",
  classification = "723; 901; C0220 (Education and training)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Computer science education; Computer Science
                 Education; Computer science graduates; Computer science
                 programs; Computers, Digital--Education; Computing
                 professionals; Curricula; Education; Employers;
                 Engineering Education; Engineering jobs; Society;
                 Students",
  thesaurus =    "Computer science education; Employment; Personnel",
}

@Article{Crosby:1990:HDW,
  author =       "Martha E. Crosby and Jan Stelovsky",
  title =        "How Do We Read Algorithms? {A} Case Study",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "25--35",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:50:13 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Researchers want to understand how different reading
                 strategies influence comprehension of procedural text.
                 For example, does experience alter strategy and thus
                 affect how or where we look?",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Dept. of Inf. and Comput. Sci., Hawaii Univ.,
                 Honolulu, HI, USA",
  classification = "723; C6110 (Systems analysis and programming); C7810
                 (Social and behavioural sciences)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Algorithm Reading; Algorithms; Behavior; Computer
                 Programming; Computer Programming languages--Pascal;
                 Eye movement; Graphical representation; Influence;
                 Pascal; Programming Experience; Programming experience;
                 Scan patterns; Subjects; Viewing strategies",
  thesaurus =    "Behavioural sciences computing; Programming",
}

@Article{Markas:1990:DFS,
  author =       "Tassos Markas and Mark Royals and Nick Kanopoulos",
  title =        "On Distributed Fault Simulation",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "40--52",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:50:23 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Efficient partitioning of fault simulation tasks and
                 allocation of the resulting subtasks over a distributed
                 system yields faster fault simulation without resorting
                 to expensive special-purpose hardware.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Center for Digital Syst. Res., Triangle Inst.,
                 Research Triangle Park, NC, USA",
  classification = "721; 723; B1130B (Computer-aided circuit analysis
                 and design); B1265B (Logic circuits); C5210B
                 (Computer-aided logic design); C6150J (Operating
                 systems); C7410D (Electronic engineering)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Computational aspects; Computer Networks--Local
                 Networks; Computer Simulation; Computer Systems,
                 Digital--Distributed; Computing resources; DFSim;
                 Digital circuits; Distributed fault simulation;
                 Distributed Fault Simulation; Distributed system; Fault
                 Simulation; Heterogeneous local area network;
                 Heterogeneous Local Area Networks; Logic Circuits;
                 Nodes; Partitioning; Subtasks; Testing; Unix operating
                 systems; Workstations",
  thesaurus =    "Circuit analysis computing; Distributed processing;
                 Fault location; Logic CAD",
}

@Article{Chean:1990:TRT,
  author =       "Mengly Chean and Jose A. B. Fortes",
  title =        "A Taxonomy of Reconfiguration Techniques for
                 Fault-Tolerant Processor Arrays",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "55--69",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "This proposed taxonomy focuses on FTPA reconfiguration
                 techniques useful for comparing and contrasting many
                 possible schemes. It can help engineers and researchers
                 understand existing approaches and develop new ones.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Sch. of Electr. Eng., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette,
                 IN, USA",
  classification = "722; B1265F (Microprocessors and microcomputers);
                 C5130 (Microprocessor chips); C5440 (Multiprocessor
                 systems and techniques); C5470 (Performance evaluation
                 and testing)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Array Processing; Bus; Computer Systems, Digital;
                 Domain; Fault Tolerant Capability; Fault-tolerant
                 processor arrays; Global redundancy; Global switching;
                 Hardware redundancy; Local redundancy; Local switching
                 domain; Network; Processor; Processor Switching;
                 Processor switching; Reconfiguration Techniques;
                 Reconfiguration techniques; Redundancy; Redundancy
                 allocation; Redundancy type; Replacement unit; Set
                 Switching; Set switching; Switching element; Switching
                 implementation; Time redundancy",
  thesaurus =    "Cellular arrays; Fault tolerant computing;
                 Multiprocessor interconnection networks; Redundancy",
}

@Article{Buckley:1990:SSE,
  author =       "F. J. Buckley",
  title =        "Standards: a standard environment for software
                 production",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "75--77",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Sep 14 07:06:39 MDT 1996",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  classification = "C6100 (Software techniques and systems)",
  keywords =     "Maintainable code; Software production; Standard
                 environment",
  thesaurus =    "Software engineering",
}

@Article{Duncan:1990:SPC,
  author =       "Ralph Duncan",
  title =        "A Survey of Parallel Computer Architectures",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "5--16",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "The diversity of parallel computer architectures can
                 bewilder the nonspecialist. This tutorial reviews
                 alternative approaches to parallel processing within
                 the framework of a. high-level taxonomy.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Control Data Corp., Atlanta, GA, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; C5220 (Computer architecture); C5440
                 (Multiprocessor systems and techniques)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Architectural alternatives; Architectural constructs;
                 Architectural innovations; Coherent framework; Computer
                 Architecture; Computer Systems, Digital; Dataflow;
                 MIMD-based paradigms; MIMD/SIMD Hybrid;
                 Multiple-data-stream; Multiple-instruction-stream;
                 Parallel architecture development; Parallel Computer
                 Architectures; Parallel computer architectures;
                 Parallel Processing; Reduction; Shared memory; Shared
                 Memory Architectures; SIMD; SIMD Machines;
                 Single-instruction-stream; Synchronous Architectures;
                 Synchronous architectures; Systolic machines; Vector;
                 Wavefront types",
  thesaurus =    "Cellular arrays; Parallel architectures; Parallel
                 machines; Pipeline processing",
}

@Article{Foo:1990:DCA,
  author =       "Simon Y. Foo and Yoshiyasu Takefuji",
  title =        "Databases and Cell-Selection Algorithms for {VLSI}
                 Cell Libraries",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "18--30",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:50:33 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "This framework for capturing design data is based on
                 semantic networks. It is well suited for
                 application-specific ICs, yet general enough for other
                 CAD/CAM environments.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Dept. of Electr. Eng., Florida State Univ.,
                 Tallahassee, FL, USA",
  classification = "713; 714; 723; B1130B (Computer-aided circuit
                 analysis and design); B2570 (Semiconductor integrated
                 circuits); C6160 (Database management systems (DBMS));
                 C7250L (Non-bibliographic systems); C7410D (Electronic
                 engineering)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Application-specific ICs; asic Design; Backtracking
                 Algorithm; CAD/CAM environments; Case study;
                 Cell-selection algorithms; Cell-Selection Algorithms;
                 Commercial database management systems; Common
                 interface; Computer Aided Design; Database
                 Systems--Relational; Design alternatives; Design
                 constraints; Design hierarchies; Frame-based database
                 system; Frame-based model; Integrated Circuits, vlsi;
                 Multilevel representations; Semantic networks;
                 Special-purpose design database management system
                 approach; Version control; VLSI CAD data; vlsi cad
                 Data; VLSI cell libraries; vlsi Cell Libraries; vlsi
                 Design Hierarchies",
  thesaurus =    "Circuit CAD; Database management systems; Information
                 retrieval; Subroutines; VLSI",
}

@Article{Walters:1990:DBM,
  author =       "Richard F. Walters",
  title =        "Design of a Bitmapped Multilingual Workstation",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "33--41",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Since today's bitmapped workstations support multiple
                 character fonts, we can use X. Windows, C, and MUMPS to
                 display and manipulate multiple national character sets
                 in a. windows environment.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Dept. of Electr. Eng. and Comput. Sci., California
                 Univ., Davis, CA, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; C6130D (Document processing techniques);
                 C7820 (Humanities)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Bitmapped multilingual workstation; Bitmapped
                 Multilingual Workstation; Character Sets; Character-set
                 standardization; Character-Set Standardization;
                 Computer Peripheral Equipment--Keyboards; Data
                 manipulation; Data processing; Display Devices; Display
                 systems; Internal storage; Multilingual support;
                 Multiple character sets; Multiple Character Sets; Text
                 input; Text Input; Windows environment",
  thesaurus =    "Character sets; Linguistics; Word processing;
                 Workstations",
}

@Article{Leler:1990:LMU,
  author =       "W. Leler",
  title =        "{Linda} Meets {Unix}",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "43--54",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "A system-level version of the Linda high-level
                 parallel software paradigm is used as the basis of the
                 QIX operating system, which supports both
                 multiprocessing and multiprogramming while retaining
                 Unix compatibility.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Cogent Research Inc, Beaverton, OR, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; C5440 (Multiprocessor systems and
                 techniques); C6110 (Systems analysis and programming);
                 C6120 (File organisation); C6150J (Operating systems)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Associative memory; Computer Operating Systems;
                 Computer Systems Programming--Multiprogramming;
                 Computer Systems, Digital; Computers, Microcomputer;
                 Distributed Memory Model; Distributed-memory models;
                 Dynamic Load Balancing; Explicit parallel programming;
                 Linda Parallel Communication Paradigm; Linda parallel
                 communication paradigm; Name resolution; Operating
                 systems; Parallel Processing; Parallel Programming;
                 Program communication; QIX; QIX Operating System;
                 Shared data space; Shared-memory; Tuple space; Tuple
                 Spaces; Unix",
  thesaurus =    "Content-addressable storage; Parallel machines;
                 Parallel programming; Storage management; Unix",
}

@Article{Liang:1990:PGG,
  author =       "Luping Liang and Samuel T. Chanson and Gerald W.
                 Neufeld",
  title =        "Process Groups and Group Communications:
                 Classifications and Requirements",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "56--66",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database; Misc/IMMD_IV.bib; Object/Ooos.bib;
                 Parallel/par.misc.bib",
  abstract =     "To design a general, coherent, and integrated group
                 communication system, we must understand basic
                 application requirements. This classification of group
                 applications can be an important tool.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Dept. of Comput. Sci., British Columbia Univ.,
                 Vancouver, BC, Canada",
  classification = "722; 723; 731; C5620 (Computer networks and
                 techniques); C6110 (Systems analysis and programming);
                 C6150J (Operating systems)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Communication Transparency; Computer Systems, Digital;
                 Computers, Digital--Data Communication Systems;
                 Database Systems--Distributed; Distributed; distributed
                 programming, loosely coupled,, Distributed
                 applications; Electronic Mail; External behavior; Group
                 communication support; Group Communications; Internal
                 structures; OS-level abstraction; Process
                 Control--Computer Applications; Process group; Process
                 Groups; Programmer; Teleconferencing",
  thesaurus =    "Computer networks; Operating systems [computers];
                 Programming",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1990:AEP,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Applications environment profiles: {A} significant
                 tool for simplifying and coordinating standards
                 efforts",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "69--??",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 14 16:20:44 MDT 1996",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Anonymous:1990:PRa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Product Reviews",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "78--??",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 14 16:20:44 MDT 1996",
  abstract =     "Keeping in touch through Windows",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Tsai:1990:NAM,
  author =       "Jeffrey J. P. Tsai and Kwang-Ya Fang and Horng-Yuan
                 Chen",
  title =        "A Noninvasive Architecture to Monitor Real-Time
                 Distributed Systems",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "11--23",
  month =        mar,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:50:42 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Equipped with a programmable qualification control
                 unit for observing system states of a target node, this
                 monitoring system can support performance evaluation,
                 testing, and debugging of real-time distributed
                 computing systems.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Dept. of Electr. Eng. and Comput. Sci., Illinois
                 Univ., Chicago, IL, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; C5440 (Multiprocessor systems and
                 techniques); C7420 (Control engineering)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Abstraction levels; Computational Models; Computer
                 Architecture; Computer Systems, Digital; Debugging;
                 Dedicated; Development module; Distributed; Front end;
                 Hardware architecture; Host computer; Instruction-level
                 activities; Interface module; Noninvasive monitoring
                 system; Procedure calls; Process-level activities;
                 Process-level monitoring; Real Time Systems; Real-time
                 distributed computing systems; Simplifying assumption;
                 Step-by-step instruction trace; Testing",
  thesaurus =    "Computerised monitoring; Multiprocessing systems;
                 Real-time systems",
}

@Article{Czejdo:1990:GDM,
  author =       "Bogdan Czejdo and Ramez Elmasri and Marek Rusinkiewicz
                 and David W. Embley",
  title =        "A Graphical Data Manipulation Language for an Extended
                 Entity-Relationship Model",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "26--36",
  month =        mar,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:50:48 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database; Database/database.bib",
  abstract =     "Using graphical interfaces to formulate queries and
                 updates makes it easier to interact with database
                 systems for both novice and experienced users.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Dep of Comput Sci, Univ of Houston, Houston, TX, USA",
  annote =       "A writeup is given of a graphical front end for an ER
                 manipulation system. The extended ER model is used
                 which gives the system the OO like ability to represent
                 sub class hierarchies. The concept is similar to
                 Spooner-Sanderson translation-migration approach in
                 that the alterations specified on the schema are
                 realized as alterations to the associated instances.",
  classification = "723; C6130B (Graphics techniques); C6140D (High
                 level languages); C6160D (Relational DBMS); C7250L
                 (Non-bibliographic systems)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Algorithmic Languages; Computer Metatheory; Data
                 Manipulation Languages; Database queries; Database
                 Systems--Query Languages; ECER model;
                 Entity-Relationship Models; Extended conceptual
                 entity-relationship; Extended entity-relationship
                 model; Extended ER model; Generalization; Graphical
                 data manipulation interface; Graphical data
                 manipulation language; Graphical entity-relationship
                 interfaces; Partition relationships; Schema Diagrams;
                 Schema diagrams; Specialization; Subset; Union",
  thesaurus =    "Computer graphics; Information retrieval; Query
                 languages; Relational databases",
}

@Article{Leung:1990:ESU,
  author =       "K. S. Leung and M. H. Wong",
  title =        "An Expert-System Shell Using Structured Knowledge: An
                 Object-Oriented Approach",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "38--47",
  month =        mar,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:50:56 1997",
  bibsource =    "Ai/concordia.bib; Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Chinese University of Hong Kong. Expert system shell
                 is described that uses objects to store knowledge
                 rather than frames. This allows for encapsulation of
                 knowledge fragments.",
  abstract2 =    "Two expert systems built with this prototype shell
                 have demonstrated its power and flexibility. It mixes
                 declarative and procedural knowledge, overcoming a.
                 major problem of conventional shells.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Dept. of Comput. Sci., Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong,
                 Shatin, Hong Kong",
  classification = "723; C6110 (Systems analysis and programming); C6115
                 (Programming support); C6160 (Database management
                 systems (DBMS)); C6170 (Expert systems); C7250
                 (Information storage and retrieval)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Artificial Intelligence; Automatic extraction;
                 Built-in database interface; Computer
                 Metatheory--Programming Theory; Database management
                 system; Declarative Knowledge; Defined operations;
                 Encapsulation; Expert Systems; Expert-system shell;
                 Fuzzy database query facility; Knowledge acquisition;
                 Knowledge Representation; Object manipulation;
                 Object-oriented approach; Object-Oriented Systems;
                 Procedural Knowledge; Procedural knowledge; Prototype
                 shell; Representation methods; Structured knowledge
                 representations; System X-I",
  thesaurus =    "Database management systems; Expert systems;
                 Information retrieval; Knowledge representation;
                 Object-oriented programming; Software tools",
}

@Article{Wasserman:1990:OSD,
  author =       "Anthony I. Wasserman and Peter A. Pircher and Robert
                 J. Muller",
  title =        "The Object-Oriented Structured Design Notation for
                 Software Design Representation",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "50--63",
  month =        mar,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Interactive Dev. Environ., San Francisco, CA, USA",
  classification = "723; C4210 (Formal logic); C6110B (Software
                 engineering techniques); C6120 (File organisation)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Architectural design; Asynchronous processes;
                 Asynchronous Processes; Classes; Computer
                 Metatheory--Programming Theory; Computer
                 Programming--Structured Programming; Computer Software;
                 Concurrency; Data structure design; Design notation;
                 Design principles; Functional decomposition; Hidden
                 information; Key software structure concepts; Knowledge
                 Representation; Message passing; Object-oriented
                 design; Object-oriented structured design;
                 Object-Oriented Structured Design (OOSD); OOSD; Overall
                 program structure; Software design representation;
                 Software Engineering",
  thesaurus =    "Data structures; Formal languages; Object-oriented
                 programming; Structured programming",
}

@Article{Dasgupta:1990:HTS,
  author =       "Subrata Dasgupta",
  title =        "A Hierarchical Taxonomic System for Computer
                 Architectures",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "64--74",
  month =        mar,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Using formulas inspired by chemical notation, we can
                 classify computer architectures in a way that provides
                 both predictive power and explanatory capabilities.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Center for Adv. Comput. Studies, Univ. of Southwestern
                 Louisiana, Lafayette, LA, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; 903; C5220 (Computer architecture)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Chemical notation; Classification; Computer
                 Architecture; Computer architectures; Endoarchitecture;
                 Explanatory capabilities; Hardware components;
                 Information Science--Classification; Integrated system;
                 Logical structure; Novel hierarchical architectural
                 taxonomic system; Predictive power; Taxonomic scheme;
                 Taxonomic Systems",
  thesaurus =    "Classification; Computer architecture",
}

@Article{McFarland:1990:SUE,
  author =       "Michael C. McFarland",
  title =        "Standards: Urgency of ethical standards intensifies in
                 computer community",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "77--81",
  month =        mar,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Comput Sci Dep, Boston Coll, Boston, MA, USA",
  classification = "901; 902; C0230 (Economic, social and political
                 aspects)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Computer community; Engineering; Ethical Standards;
                 Ethical standards; IEEE Computer Society; Professional
                 Aspects; Standards",
  thesaurus =    "Social aspects of automation; Standards",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1990:PRb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Product Reviews",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "87--??",
  month =        mar,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 14 16:20:44 MDT 1996",
  abstract =     "Life with Ada",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Rettberg:1990:MPP,
  author =       "Randall D. Rettberg and William R. Crowther and Philip
                 P. Carvey and Raymond S. Tomlinson",
  title =        "The {Monarch Parallel Processor} Hardware Design",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "18--28, 30",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 14 16:20:44 MDT 1996",
  bibsource =    "Misc/IMMD_IV.bib; Parallel/Parallel.io.bib",
  abstract =     "The Monarch architecture team took advantage of custom
                 VLSI in the design of a. shared-memory parallel
                 processor. The simple structure eases the task of
                 programming a. massively parallel machine.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "BBN Syst. and Technol. Corp., Cambridge, MA, USA",
  classification = "C5220 (Computer architecture); C5440 (Multiprocessor
                 systems and techniques)",
  comment =      "This describes the Monarch computer from BBN. It was
                 never built. 65K processors and memory modules. 65GB
                 RAM. Bfly-style switch in dance-hall layout. Switch is
                 synchronous; one switch time is a {\em frame} (one
                 microsecond, equal to 3 processor cycles) and all
                 processors may reference memory in one frame time.
                 Local I-cache only. Contention reduces full bandwidth
                 by 16 percent. Full 64-bit machine. Custom VLSI. Each
                 memory location has 8 tag bits. One allows for a
                 location to be locked by a processor. Thus, any
                 FetchAndOp or full/empty model can be supported. I/O is
                 done by adding I/O processors (up to 2K in a 65K-proc
                 machine) in the switch. They plan 200 disks, each with
                 an I/O processor, for 65K nodes. They would spread each
                 block over 9 disks, including one for parity
                 (essentially RAID).",
  keyword =      "MIMD, parallel architecture, shared memory, parallel
                 I/O, pario bib",
  keywords =     "Custom VLSI; Hardware design; Massively parallel
                 machine; Monarch architecture; Monarch parallel
                 processor; Programming; Shared-memory parallel
                 processor",
  thesaurus =    "Parallel architectures; Parallel machines; VLSI",
}

@Article{Moreno:1990:MCS,
  author =       "Jaime H. Moreno and Tomas Lang",
  title =        "Matrix Computations on Systolic-Type Meshes: An
                 Introduction to the Multimesh Graph Method",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "32--51",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:51:07 1997",
  abstract =     "Systolic-type arrays use both the fine-grain
                 parallelism and the regularity of matrix computations
                 effectively. The multimesh graph method for deriving
                 these arrays is systematic, flexible, and easy to
                 use.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "California Univ., Los Angeles, CA, USA",
  classification = "B0210 (Algebra); B0250 (Combinatorial mathematics);
                 B1265B (Logic circuits); C1110 (Algebra); C1160
                 (Combinatorial mathematics); C5120 (Logic and switching
                 circuits)",
  keywords =     "Fine-grain parallelism; Matrix computations; Multimesh
                 graph method; Regularity; Systolic arrays;
                 Systolic-type meshes",
  thesaurus =    "Cellular arrays; Graph theory; Matrix algebra;
                 Parallel processing",
}

@Article{Sha:1990:RTS,
  author =       "Lui Sha and John B. Goodenough",
  title =        "Real-Time Scheduling Theory and {Ada}",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "53--62",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:51:18 1997",
  bibsource =    "Misc/IMMD_IV.bib",
  abstract =     "Rate monotonic scheduling theory puts real-time
                 software engineering on a sound analytical footing.
                 Here, we review the theory and its implications for
                 Ada.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Software Eng. Inst., Carnegie Mellon Univ.,
                 Pittsburgh, PA, USA",
  classification = "C4290 (Other computer theory); C6110B (Software
                 engineering techniques); C6140D (High level
                 languages)",
  keywords =     "Ada; Rate monotonic scheduling theory; Real time
                 scheduling; Real-time software engineering",
  thesaurus =    "Ada; Computation theory; Real-time systems;
                 Scheduling; Software engineering",
}

@Article{Smith:1990:TR,
  author =       "Alan Jay Smith",
  title =        "The Task of the Referee",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "65--71",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 14 16:20:44 MDT 1996",
  abstract =     "Computer researchers have a professional obligation to
                 referee the work of others. This article tells you how
                 to evaluate a paper and write a report using common
                 standards and procedures.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA",
  classification = "C0200 (General computer topics)",
  keywords =     "Common standards; Computer researchers; Computer
                 science; Peer review; Professional obligation; Referee;
                 Report writing; Research paper evaluation; Research
                 proposals; Survey papers; Tutorial papers",
  thesaurus =    "Computer science; Technical presentation",
}

@Article{Pavlidis:1990:FBC,
  author =       "Theo Pavlidis and Jerome Swartz and Ynjiun P. Wang",
  title =        "Fundamentals of Bar Code Information Theory",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "74--86",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:51:25 1997",
  abstract =     "To compare encoding and decoding schemes requires us
                 to first look into information and coding theory. This
                 article discusses problems and possible solutions in
                 encoding information.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Symbol Technol., Bohemia, NY, USA",
  classification = "B6110 (Information theory); B6120B (Codes); C1260
                 (Information theory)",
  keywords =     "Bar code; Coding theory; Decoding schemes; Encoding;
                 Information theory",
  thesaurus =    "Bar codes; Decoding; Encoding; Information theory",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1990:SEL,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "A standard for extremely low frequency magnetic
                 fields; Standards for public key encryption algorithms
                 to be discussed",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "95--??",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 14 16:20:44 MDT 1996",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Anonymous:1990:PRc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Product Reviews",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "105--??",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 14 16:20:44 MDT 1996",
  abstract =     "Breaking the DOS 640-Kbyte barrier; A C compiler for
                 the 386",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Boykin:1990:GEI,
  author =       "Joseph Boykin and Susan J. LoVerso",
  title =        "Guest Editors' Introduction: Recent Developments in
                 Operating Systems",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "5--8",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 14 16:20:44 MDT 1996",
  bibsource =    "Misc/IMMD_IV.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Satyanarayanan:1990:SSH,
  author =       "Mahadev Satyanarayanan",
  title =        "Scalable, Secure, and Highly Available Distributed
                 File Access",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "9--18, 20--21",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Andrew and Coda are distributed Unix file systems that
                 embody many of the recent advances in solving the
                 problem of data sharing in large, physically dispersed
                 workstation environments.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA",
  classification = "723; C6150J (Operating systems)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Andrew; Andrew File System; Coda; Coda File System;
                 Computer Operating Systems; Computer Systems,
                 Digital--Distributed; Data Processing; Data sharing;
                 Distributed file access; Distributed File Systems;
                 Distributed Unix file systems; File Organization;
                 Physically dispersed workstation environments;
                 Scalability; Security; Unix File Systems",
  thesaurus =    "Distributed processing; Unix",
}

@Article{Peterson:1990:XPA,
  author =       "Larry L. Peterson and Norman C. Hutchinson and Sean W.
                 O'Malley and Herman C. Rao",
  title =        "The {X}-kernel: {A} Platform for Accessing {Internet}
                 Resources",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "23--33",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Fri May 08 07:28:46 1998",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database; Distributed/Dcs-1.0.bib;
                 Distributed/Mach.bib; Misc/Mach.bib",
  abstract =     "The x-kernel gives workstation users uniform access to
                 resources across local or wide area networks. The
                 operating system is general, efficient, and easy to
                 program.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Dept. of Comput. Sci., Arizona Univ., Tucson, AZ,
                 USA",
  annote =       "The x-kernel design is based on the belief that
                 implementing communication protocols on a workstation
                 is essential to accessing network resources. The more
                 protocols the workstation supports, the more resources
                 the user can access. Because many different protocols
                 have been specified for various resources --- e.g.,
                 there are many file access protocols, remote procedure
                 call protocols, directory service protocols and so on
                 --- the workstation operating system must support the
                 efficient execution of a wide variety of protocols.
                 This is exactly what the x-kernel does.",
  classification = "723; B6210L (Computer communications); C5620
                 (Computer networks and techniques); C6150J (Operating
                 systems)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Command interpreter; Computer Networks; Computer
                 Operating Systems; File system; Integrated interface;
                 Internet Resources; Library of protocols; National
                 Research and Education Network; Nationwide Internet;
                 Networks interconnection; NREN; Operating system;
                 Personal workstations; Protocol combinations; Resources
                 access; Uniform access; Uniform interface; User-level
                 systems; X-Kernel; X-kernel",
  thesaurus =    "Network operating systems; Protocols",
}

@Article{Black:1990:SSC,
  author =       "David L. Black",
  title =        "Scheduling Support for Concurrency and Parallelism in
                 the {Mach} Operating System",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "35--43",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database; Distributed/Dcs-1.0.bib;
                 Distributed/Mach.bib; Misc/Mach.bib",
  abstract =     "Traditional time-sharing schedulers are inadequate for
                 parallel and concurrent programs, which require new
                 techniques such as processor allocation and handoff
                 scheduling.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA",
  annote =       "Many parallel and concurrent applications cannot be
                 scheduled acceptably by traditional time-sharing means.
                 Dedicated processors are required to obtain acceptable
                 performance from some parallel applications. For
                 concurrent applications, communication and
                 synchronization performance can be improved by taking
                 advantage of application-specific scheduling
                 information. Mach's scheduler has been enhanced to meet
                 the challenges. Mach allows concurrent programs to
                 provide handoff and discouragement hints to influence
                 scheduling decisions.",
  classification = "723; C6150J (Operating systems)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Common uniform-memory-access architectures; Computer
                 Operating Systems; Computer Systems, Digital--Time
                 Sharing; Concurrency Support; Concurrency support;
                 General-purpose uniprocessors; Mach Operating System;
                 Mach operating system; Mach scheduler; Memory access
                 times; Multiprocessors; Parallelism; Processor
                 Allocation; Processor allocation; Programming models;
                 Shared Memory Multiprocessors; Time-sharing
                 scheduling",
  thesaurus =    "Multiprogramming; Operating systems [computers];
                 Scheduling",
}

@Article{Mullender:1990:ADO,
  author =       "Sape J. Mullender and Guido {van Rossum} and Andrew S.
                 Tanenbaum and Robbert {van Renesse} and Hans {van
                 Staveren}",
  title =        "{Amoeba}: {A} Distributed Operating System for the
                 1990s",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "44--53",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database; Database/Graefe.bib;
                 Distributed/CCR.bib; Distributed/Dcs-1.0.bib;
                 Distributed/distfs.bib; Distributed/Mach.bib;
                 Misc/IMMD_IV.bib; Misc/Mach.bib; Object/Ooos.bib",
  abstract =     "Amoeba is the distributed system developed at the Free
                 University (VU) and the Centre for Mathematics and
                 Computer Science (CWI), both in Amsterdam. Throughout
                 the project's ten-year history, a major concern of the
                 designers has been to combine the research themes of
                 distributed systems, such as high availability, use of
                 parallelism and scalability, with simplicity and high
                 performance. Distributed systems are necessarily more
                 complicated than centralized systems, so they have a
                 tendency to be much slower. Amoeba was always designed
                 to be used, so it was deemed essential to achieve
                 extremely high performance. The Amoeba software is
                 based on objects. An objects is a piece of data on
                 which well-defined operations may be performed by
                 authorized users, independent of where the user and
                 object are located. Objects are managed by server
                 processes and named using capabilities chosen randomly
                 from a sparse name space. Processes consist of a
                 segmented address space shared by one or more threads
                 of control. Processes can be created, managed, and
                 debugged remotely. Operations on objects are
                 implemented using remote procedure calls. Amoeba has a
                 unique and fast file system. The file system is split
                 into two parts --- the Bullet Service, which stores
                 immutable files contiguously on the disk and the SOAP
                 Directory Service, which provides a mechanism for
                 giving capabilities symbolic names. The directory
                 server also handles replication and atomicity,
                 eliminating the need for a separate transaction
                 management system.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Centre for Math. and Comput. Sci., Amsterdam,
                 Netherlands",
  classification = "723; C5620 (Computer networks and techniques);
                 C6150J (Operating systems)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Amoeba Distributed Operating System; Atomicity; Bullet
                 service; Capabilities; Centralized system; Computer
                 Operating Systems; Computer Systems,
                 Digital--Distributed; Directory service; Distributed
                 Operating Systems; Distributed Systems, van Rossum,
                 Renesse, Staveren, Amoeba distributed operating system;
                 Fault tolerance; File system; Flexibility; Immutable
                 files; Library; Objects; Replication; Security; Server
                 processes; Sparse name space; Speed; Symbolic names;
                 Unix emulation; Unix Emulation Facility; Unix system
                 call routines",
  thesaurus =    "Network operating systems; Unix",
}

@Article{Stumm:1990:AID,
  author =       "Michael Stumm and Songnian Zhou",
  title =        "Algorithms Implementing Distributed Shared Memory",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "54--64",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "This article compares several algorithms for
                 implementing distributed shared memory. It shows that
                 the performance of these algorithms is sensitive to the
                 memory access behavior of applications.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Univ of Toronto, Toronto, Ont, Can",
  classification = "723; C5620L (Local area networks); C6150J (Operating
                 systems)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Algorithms; Application-level access behavior;
                 Computer Networks--Local Networks; Computer
                 Programming; Computer Systems, Digital--Distributed;
                 Distributed shared memory; Distributed Shared Memory;
                 Environment; Local area network; Local virtual address
                 spaces; Memory access behavior; Multiple hosts;
                 Performance; Shared memory algorithms; Virtual memory
                 systems; Virtual Memory Systems",
  thesaurus =    "Local area networks; Multiprogramming; Network
                 operating systems",
}

@Article{Feitelson:1990:DHC,
  author =       "Dror G. Feitelson and Larry Rudolph",
  title =        "Distributed Hierarchical Control for Parallel
                 Processing",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "65--77",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:51:32 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "A novel design using a hierarchy of controllers
                 effectively controls a multiuser, multiprogrammed
                 parallel system. Such a structure allows dynamic
                 repartitioning according to changing job
                 requirements.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, Israel",
  classification = "722; 723; C6150J (Operating systems)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Availability; Changing job requirements; Computer
                 Input/Output; Computer Operating Systems; Computer
                 Systems, Digital; Distributed Hierarchical Control;
                 Distributed hierarchical control; Dynamic
                 repartitioning; Dynamic Repartitioning; Fault
                 tolerance; Gang scheduling; I/O; Load balancing;
                 Mapping; Memory Management; Memory management;
                 Multiprocessing; Multiprogrammed parallel system;
                 Multiuser parallel system; Parallel Processing;
                 Parallel processing; Processor control",
  thesaurus =    "Multiprogramming",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1990:HWC,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "How not to write commercial standards",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "79--??",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 14 16:20:44 MDT 1996",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Anonymous:1990:PRd,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Product Reviews",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "87--??",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 14 16:20:44 MDT 1996",
  abstract =     "Graphical word processors; Getting the most for your
                 laser printer dollars",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Newman:1990:CRU,
  author =       "E. Newman and M. C. McFarland",
  title =        "Comments, with reply, on {`Urgency of ethical
                 standards intensifies in computer community'}
                 (Standards)",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "6",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Sep 14 07:06:39 MDT 1996",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  classification = "C0200 (General computer topics)",
  keywords =     "Ethical nihilism; Ethical relativism; Ethical
                 standards",
  thesaurus =    "Professional aspects; Standards",
}

@Article{Schmidt:1990:CRH,
  author =       "U. Schmidt and S. Dasgupta",
  title =        "Comments, with reply on {`A hierarchical taxonomic
                 system for computer architectures'}",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "6",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Sep 14 07:06:39 MDT 1996",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  classification = "C5220 (Computer architecture)",
  keywords =     "Communication methods; Computer architectures;
                 Hierarchical taxonomic system; Topologies",
  thesaurus =    "Computer architecture",
}

@Article{Dubois:1990:GEI,
  author =       "Michel Dubois and Shreekant Thakkar",
  title =        "Guest Editors' Introduction: Cache Architectures in
                 Tightly Coupled Multiprocessors",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "9--11",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 14 16:20:44 MDT 1996",
  bibsource =    "Database/Graefe.bib; Misc/IMMD_IV.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Stenstrom:1990:SCC,
  author =       "Per Stenstrom",
  title =        "A Survey of Cache Coherence Schemes for
                 Multiprocessors",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "12--24",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Cache coherence schemes tackle the problem of
                 maintaining data consistency in shared-memory
                 multiprocessors. They rely on software, hardware, or a
                 combination of both.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Dept. of Comput. Eng., Lund Univ., Sweden",
  classification = "722; 723; C5310 (Storage system design); C5440
                 (Multiprocessor systems and techniques); C6120 (File
                 organisation)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Cache Coherence; Cache coherence schemes; Cache
                 Memories; Computer Architecture; Computer Operating
                 Systems; Computer Systems, Digital; Consistency; Data
                 Storage, Digital--Storage Devices; Hardware complexity;
                 Multiprocessing; Multiprocessors; Performance issues;
                 Protocols; Shared data; Software schemes",
  thesaurus =    "Buffer storage; Memory architecture; Multiprocessing
                 systems",
}

@Article{Teller:1990:TBC,
  author =       "Patricia J. Teller",
  title =        "Translation-Lookaside Buffer Consistency",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "26--36",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Shared-memory multiprocessors with multiple
                 translation-lookaside buffers must deal with a. cache
                 consistency problem. This article describes nine
                 solutions.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights,
                 NY, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; C5310 (Storage system design); C5440
                 (Multiprocessor systems and techniques); C6120 (File
                 organisation)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Cache consistency problem; Cache Memories; Computer
                 Operating Systems; Computer Systems, Digital; Data
                 Storage, Digital--Storage Devices; Hardware cache
                 consistency; Memory Management; Multiple
                 translation-lookaside buffers; Multiprocessing; Shared
                 bus; Shared-memory multiprocessors; Shared-Memory
                 Multiprocessors; Virtual-address caches",
  thesaurus =    "Buffer storage; Memory architecture; Multiprocessing
                 systems",
}

@Article{Cheong:1990:CDC,
  author =       "Hoichi Cheong and Alexander V. Veidenbaum",
  title =        "Compiler-Directed Cache Management in
                 Multiprocessors",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "39--47",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:51:42 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database; Database/Graefe.bib;
                 Misc/IMMD_IV.bib",
  abstract =     "Large-scale multiprocessor systems need alternatives
                 to hardware-based cache coherence strategies. This
                 article presents three software-based strategies that
                 have common objectives.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Univ of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; C5440 (Multiprocessor systems and
                 techniques); C6120 (File organisation)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Cache Memories; Compiler directed cache management;
                 Computer Operating Systems--Program Compilers; Computer
                 Systems, Digital; Fast selective invalidation scheme;
                 Interconnection networks; Invalidation approach; Memory
                 Management; Multiprocessing; Multiprocessors; Numerical
                 benchmark routines; Shared-memory; Software-based
                 strategies; Trace driven simulations; Version control
                 scheme",
  thesaurus =    "Buffer storage; Multiprocessing systems; Storage
                 management",
}

@Article{Chaiken:1990:DCC,
  author =       "David Chaiken and Craig Fields and Kiyoshi Kurihara
                 and Anant Agarwal",
  title =        "Directory-Based Cache Coherence in Large-Scale
                 Multiprocessors",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "49--58",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:51:58 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  note =         "See corrigendum \cite{Chaiken:1990:CDC}.",
  abstract =     "This article addresses the usefulness of shared-data
                 caches in large-scale multiprocessors, the relative
                 merits of different coherence schemes, and system-level
                 methods for improving directory efficiency.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Comput. Sci. Lab., MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA",
  classification = "721; 722; 723; C5440 (Multiprocessor systems and
                 techniques); C6120 (File organisation)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Cache coherence; Cache Coherence; Computer Operating
                 Systems--Design; Computer Systems, Digital; Data
                 Storage, Digital--Management; Directory efficiency;
                 Large-scale multiprocessors; Large-Scale
                 Multiprocessors; Memory Management; Multiprocessing;
                 Shared-data caches; System-level methods",
  thesaurus =    "Buffer storage; Multiprocessing systems; Storage
                 management",
}

@Article{Graunke:1990:SAS,
  author =       "Gary Graunke and Shreekant Thakkar",
  title =        "Synchronization Algorithms for Shared-Memory
                 Multiprocessors",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "60--69",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:53:20 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Knowing the right type of locking algorithm to use
                 when multiple processes contend for a single lock can
                 prevent performance degradation in shared-memory
                 multiprocessor systems.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Sequent Computer Systems, Beaverton, OR, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; 921; C5440 (Multiprocessor systems and
                 techniques); C5470 (Performance evaluation and
                 testing)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Cache Memories; Computer Systems, Digital; Hardware
                 monitor; Highly contested locks; Lock algorithms;
                 Mathematical Techniques--Algorithms; Multiprocessing;
                 Performance evaluation; Shared-Memory Multiprocessors;
                 Shared-memory multiprocessors; Symmetry multiprocessor
                 system; Synchronization Algorithms; Synchronization
                 mechanism; Total system performance",
  thesaurus =    "Multiprocessing systems; Performance evaluation;
                 Synchronisation",
}

@Article{Thakkar:1990:NDS,
  author =       "Shreekant Thakkar and Michel Dubois and Anthony T.
                 Laundrie and Gurindar S. Sohi",
  title =        "Scalable Shared-Memory Multiprocessor Architectures",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "71--74",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 11:59:27 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "New coherence schemes scale beyond single-bus-based,
                 shared-memory architectures. This report describes
                 three research efforts: one multiple-bus-based and two
                 directory-based schemes.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Sequent Computer Systems, Beaverton, OR, USA",
  classification = "721; 722; 723; C5220 (Computer architecture); C5440
                 (Multiprocessor systems and techniques); C6120 (File
                 organisation)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Architecture; B pointers; Bus-based cache coherence;
                 Cache Memories; Computer Architecture; Computer
                 Systems, Digital--Multiprocessing; Data Storage,
                 Digital--Management; Directory-based cache coherence;
                 Hierarchical architectures; Linked lists; Memory
                 Management; Multiple-bus; Multiprocessing; Processor
                 performance; Scalable shared memory multiprocessor",
  thesaurus =    "Computer architecture; Data structures;
                 Multiprocessing systems; Storage management",
}

@Article{James:1990:DSS,
  author =       "David V. James and Anthony T. Laundrie and Stein
                 Gjessing and Gurindar S. Sohi",
  title =        "Distributed-directory scheme: Scalable coherent
                 interface",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "74--77",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Apple Comput., New York, NY, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; C5610 (Computer interfaces); C6120 (File
                 organisation)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Cache Memories; Computer backplane interface; Computer
                 Operating Systems--Design; Computer Systems, Digital;
                 Data Storage, Digital--Management; Distributed
                 directory scheme; IEEE standard project; Large system
                 configurations; Linked-list coherence; Memory
                 Management; Multiprocessing; P1596; Queued-on-lock bit;
                 Scalable Architecture; Scalable coherent interface; SCI
                 sharing-list structures",
  thesaurus =    "Computer interfaces; Data structures",
}

@Article{Thapar:1990:DSS,
  author =       "Manu Thapar and Bruce Delagi",
  title =        "Distributed-directory scheme: {Stanford}
                 distributed-directory protocol",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "78--80",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Digital Equipment Corp",
  classification = "721; 722; 723; C5620 (Computer networks and
                 techniques); C6120 (File organisation)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Cache Memories; Cache-coherence; Computer Operating
                 Systems--Design; Computer Systems, Digital; Data
                 Storage, Digital--Management; Distributed directories;
                 Doubly linked list; Lock implementation; Memory
                 Management; Multiprocessing; Singly linked list;
                 Stanford distributed-directory protocol;
                 Synchronization",
  thesaurus =    "Data structures; Protocols; Storage management;
                 Synchronisation",
}

@Article{Carlton:1990:MBS,
  author =       "Michael Carlton and Alvin Despain",
  title =        "Multiple-bus shared-memory system: {Aquarius}
                 project",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "80--83",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 11:59:38 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Univ of California, Berkeley, CA, USA",
  classification = "721; 722; 723; C5220 (Computer architecture); C5620
                 (Computer networks and techniques); C6120 (File
                 organisation)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Aquarius project; Bus addresses; Cache; Cache
                 Memories; Cache-coherence protocol; Computer
                 Architecture; Computer Operating Systems--Design;
                 Computer Systems, Digital; Data Storage,
                 Digital--Management; Directory states; Local sharing;
                 Memory; Memory Management; Microprocessor; Multi-multi
                 architecture; Multiple-bus architecture; Multiple-bus
                 shared-memory system; Multiprocessing; Root node;
                 Snooping cache component",
  thesaurus =    "Buffer storage; Computer architecture; Protocols;
                 Storage management",
}

@Article{Buckley:1990:SES,
  author =       "F. J. Buckley",
  title =        "Standards: Establishing a standard metrics program",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "85--86",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Sep 14 07:06:39 MDT 1996",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  classification = "C6110B (Software engineering techniques)",
  keywords =     "Computer programs; Cost metrics; Documentation
                 metrics; Problem-change report metrics; Productivity
                 metrics; Rework metrics; Source code metrics; Standard
                 metrics program; Standards",
  thesaurus =    "Software engineering; Standards",
}

@Article{Ford:1990:CRN,
  author =       "R. Ford",
  title =        "Comments, with reply, on {``A noninvasive architecture
                 to monitor real-time distributed systems'', by J. Tsai
                 et al.}",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "12--13",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Sep 14 07:06:39 MDT 1996",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Kansas Univ., Kansas City, KS, USA",
  classification = "C5220 (Computer architecture); C5470 (Performance
                 evaluation and testing)",
  keywords =     "High-level programming language; Noninvasive
                 architecture; Real-time application software; Real-time
                 distributed systems",
  thesaurus =    "Computer architecture; Performance evaluation;
                 Real-time systems",
}

@Article{Chaiken:1990:CDC,
  author =       "D. Chaiken and C. Fields and K. Kurihara and A.
                 Agarwal",
  title =        "Correction to {`Directory-based cache coherence in
                 large-scale multiprocessor'}",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "13--13",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Sep 14 07:06:39 MDT 1996",
  note =         "See \cite{Chaiken:1990:DCC}.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA",
  classification = "C5320G (Semiconductor storage); C5440
                 (Multiprocessor systems and techniques); C6120 (File
                 organisation)",
  keywords =     "Directory-based cache coherence; Large-scale
                 multiprocessor; Speech bar chart",
  thesaurus =    "Buffer storage; Multiprocessing systems",
}

@Article{Singh:1990:GEI,
  author =       "Adit D. Singh and Singaravel Murugesan",
  title =        "Guest Editors' Introduction: Fault-Tolerant Systems",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "15--17",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:53:56 1997",
  bibsource =    "Misc/IMMD_IV.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA, USA",
  classification = "C5470 (Performance evaluation and testing)",
  keywords =     "Airbus A320 aircraft; Fault tolerant capability; Fault
                 tolerant systems; Reliability; Telephone switching
                 networks",
  thesaurus =    "Fault tolerant computing",
}

@Article{Nelson:1990:FCF,
  author =       "Victor P. Nelson",
  title =        "Fault-Tolerant Computing: Fundamental Concepts",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "19--25",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Fault tolerance is crucial in military and aerospace
                 computing, and desirable in other applications. This
                 review discusses basic concepts, mechanisms, and
                 strategies and sketches future directions.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; C5470 (Performance evaluation and
                 testing)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Codes, Symbolic--Error Correction; Computer Fault
                 Tolerance; Computer Systems, Digital; Correction;
                 Digital systems; Error detection; Errors; Fault
                 containment; Fault Containment; Fault Tolerant
                 Capability; Fault-tolerant computing; Hardware;
                 Masking; Module replication; Protocol; Reconfiguration;
                 Reconfiguration/Repair; Repair; Self-checking logic;
                 Self-Checking Logic; System recovery; System Recovery;
                 Timing checks",
  thesaurus =    "Fault tolerant computing",
}

@Article{Siewiorek:1990:FTC,
  author =       "Daniel P. Siewiorek",
  title =        "Fault Tolerance in Commercial Computers",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "26--37",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Now routine in general-purpose computing as well as
                 critical applications, error-handling capabilities must
                 be balanced carefully with overall system goals.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Sch. of Comput. Sci., Carnegie Mellon Univ.,
                 Pittsburgh, PA, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; C5470 (Performance evaluation and
                 testing)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Commercial computers; Commercial Computers; Computer
                 Fault Tolerance; Computer Systems, Digital; Data
                 Processing, Business; Errors; Fault tolerance; Fault
                 Tolerance Taxonomy; Fault Tolerant Capability; IBM 3090
                 uniprocessors; Performance penalty; Sequoia
                 multiprocessors; Software redundancy; Stratus; Tandem;
                 Tandem Computers; Teradata; VAX 8600; VAXft 3000
                 multicomputers",
  thesaurus =    "Fault tolerant computing",
}

@Article{Laprie:1990:DAH,
  author =       "Jean-Claude Laprie and Jean Arlat and Christian
                 Beounes and Karama Kanoun",
  title =        "Definition and Analysis of Hardware- and
                 Software-Fault-Tolerant Architectures",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "39--51",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Systems in which one piece of hardware supports
                 multiple software are subject to software failures and
                 require architectures that tolerate both hardware and
                 software faults.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "LAAS-CNRS, Toulouse, France",
  classification = "722; 723; C5220 (Computer architecture); C5470
                 (Performance evaluation and testing)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Computer Architecture; Computer Fault Tolerance;
                 Computer Software; Computer Systems, Digital; Cost
                 issues; Fault Tolerant Capability;
                 Hardware-fault-tolerant architectures; Software Fault
                 Tolerance; Software-fault-tolerant architectures",
  thesaurus =    "Computer architecture; Fault tolerant computing",
}

@Article{Geist:1990:REF,
  author =       "Robert Geist and Kishor S. Trivedi",
  title =        "Reliability Estimation of Fault-Tolerant Systems:
                 Tools and Techniques",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "52--61",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:54:01 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Comparatively evaluating state-of-the-art tools and
                 techniques helps us estimate the reliability of
                 fault-tolerant computing systems. We consider design
                 limitations, efficiency, and accuracy.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Dep of Comput Sci, Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; 922; C5470 (Performance evaluation and
                 testing)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Computer Fault Tolerance; Computer Systems, Digital;
                 Fault Tolerant Capability; Fault-tolerant systems;
                 HARP; HEIRESS; heiress Simulation Model; Hierarchical
                 estimation; Hybrid automated reliability predictor;
                 Hybrid Automated Reliability Predictor (harp); Interval
                 reliability; Performance evaluator; Probability;
                 Reliability estimation; Reliability--Estimation; SAVE;
                 Semi-Markov Unreliability Range Estimator (sure);
                 SHARPE; Skewed sampling; SURE; Symbolic hierarchical
                 automated reliability; System availability estimator;
                 System Availability Estimator (save)",
  thesaurus =    "Fault tolerant computing",
}

@Article{Fujiwara:1990:ECC,
  author =       "Eiji Fujiwara and Dhiraj K. Pradhan",
  title =        "Error-Control Coding in Computers",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "63--72",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:54:07 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database; Misc/IMMD_IV.bib",
  abstract =     "Imaginative use of low-level error-control techniques
                 can offset the need for massive high-level redundancy.
                 This article covers the application of codes in actual
                 systems.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Dept of Comput Sci, Tokyo Inst of Technol, Tokyo,
                 Japan",
  classification = "722; 723; B6120B (Codes); C1260 (Information
                 theory)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Bit-error-correcting; Byte-error-correcting; Codes,
                 Symbolic--Error Correction; Computer Systems, Digital;
                 Data Storage, Digital--Control; Error control coding;
                 Error Correcting/Detecting Codes; Error-Control Coding;
                 Fault Tolerant Capability; High-speed memories; Mass
                 Memories; Mass memories; Memory Fault Tolerance;
                 Single-bit errors; Single-byte errors",
  thesaurus =    "Encoding; Error correction codes; Error detection
                 codes",
}

@Article{Koren:1990:FTV,
  author =       "Israel Koren and Adit D. Singh",
  title =        "Fault Tolerance in {VLSI} Circuits",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "73--83",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Fault-tolerant designs of very large ICs primarily
                 attempt to enhance yield. Such designs, first employed
                 in memory chips, now encompass random logic VLSI and
                 wafer-scale circuits.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Dept. of Electr. and Comput. Eng., Massachusetts
                 Univ., Amherst, MA, USA",
  classification = "721; 722; 723; 922; B2570 (Semiconductor integrated
                 circuits); C5470 (Performance evaluation and testing);
                 C7410D (Electronic engineering)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Codes, Symbolic--Error Correction; Computer Systems,
                 Digital; Data Storage, Digital; Defect-tolerant
                 designs; Defective components; Fault Tolerant
                 Capability; Integrated Circuits, vlsi; Integrated
                 Circuits, WSI; Logic Circuit Fault Tolerance; Logic
                 Circuits; Memory Fault Tolerance; VLSI circuits;
                 Wafer-scale circuits; Yield models; Yield
                 Optimization",
  thesaurus =    "Electronic engineering computing; Fault tolerant
                 computing; VLSI",
}

@Article{McCluskey:1990:DTT,
  author =       "E. J. McCluskey",
  title =        "Design Techniques for Testable Embedded Error
                 Checkers",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "84--88",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Completely self-testing designs are available for all
                 the important checkers. The techniques outlined here
                 guarantee single-stuck fault testability.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Comput Syst Lab, Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; C5470 (Performance evaluation and
                 testing)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Codes, Symbolic--Error Detection; Computer Fault
                 Tolerance; Computer Systems, Digital; Design
                 techniques; Equality checkers; Equality Checkers; Error
                 Detectors; Fault Tolerant Capability; M-out-of-N
                 checkers; Parity checkers; Parity Checkers;
                 Self-testing circuits; Self-Testing Circuits; Single
                 stuck fault testability; Testable embedded error
                 checkers; Testable Embedded Error Checkers; Two-rail
                 checkers; Types of error detectors",
  thesaurus =    "Error correction; Error detection; Fault tolerant
                 computing",
}

@Article{Isaak:1990:SHP,
  author =       "J. Isaak",
  title =        "Standards: the history of {Posix}: a study in the
                 standards process",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "89--92",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Sep 14 07:06:39 MDT 1996",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, MA, USA",
  classification = "C5610 (Computer interfaces); C6150J (Operating
                 systems)",
  keywords =     "Computer Environments; Portable Operating System
                 Interface; Posix; Software engineering groups;
                 Standards",
  thesaurus =    "Computer interfaces; Operating systems [computers];
                 Standards",
}

@Article{Kamel:1990:GEI,
  author =       "Ragui Kamel",
  title =        "Guest Editor's Introduction: Voice in Computing",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "8--??",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 14 16:20:44 MDT 1996",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Strathmeyer:1990:VCO,
  author =       "Carl R. Strathmeyer",
  title =        "Voice in Computing: An Overview of Available
                 Technologies",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "10--15",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Barriers between voice and computing are falling. As
                 practitioners come to understand the technologies at
                 the intersection of these disciplines, new applications
                 are sure to appear.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Digital Equipment Corp., Andover, MA, USA",
  classification = "718; 723; 751; B6130 (Speech analysis and processing
                 techniques); C5260 (Digital signal processing); C5585
                 (Speech recognition and synthesis); C7410F
                 (Communications)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Computer Software; Computing disciplines; Computing
                 system software; Connection control; Content
                 processing; Content Processing; Cross-disciplinary
                 dialogue; Digital Communication Systems--Voice/Data
                 Integrated Services; Integrated voice/data
                 communication; Modems; Payload; Processing; Software
                 architectures; Speech; Speech recognition; Speech
                 synthesis; Telephone Systems; Voice Channel; Voice
                 channel; Voice equipment; Voice technologies;
                 Voice-related applications; Voice/computing
                 applications; Voice/Computing Applications",
  thesaurus =    "Computerised signal processing; Speech analysis and
                 processing; Telecommunications computing; Voice
                 communication; Voice equipment",
}

@Article{OMalley:1990:TCT,
  author =       "Michael H. O'Malley",
  title =        "Text-to-Speech Conversion Technology",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "17--23",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Reading an English text out loud is currently the most
                 successful simulation by a. computer of a. complex
                 human mental function. This article shows how it can be
                 done.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Berkeley Speech Technologies, Berkeley, CA, USA",
  classification = "723; 751; B6130 (Speech analysis and processing
                 techniques); C5585 (Speech recognition and synthesis);
                 C6180N (Natural language processing); C7820
                 (Humanities)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Contemporary high-performance text-to-speech; Hardware
                 implementation; Phonetic rules; Phonetic Rules;
                 Prosodies; Signal Processing--Digital Techniques;
                 Speech; Speech parameters; Synthesis; T-T-S; Text
                 normalization; Text processing; Text-to-Speech
                 Conversion; Theoretical bases; TTS system; Vocal tract
                 models; Vocal Tract Models; Voice tables; Word
                 pronunciation",
  thesaurus =    "Linguistics; Speech analysis and processing; Speech
                 synthesis; Voice communication",
}

@Article{Peacocke:1990:ISS,
  author =       "Richard D. Peacocke and Daryl H. Graf",
  title =        "An Introduction to Speech and Speaker Recognition",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "26--33",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:54:17 1997",
  bibsource =    "Ai/Speech.bib; Compendex database; Misc/IMMD_IV.bib",
  abstract =     "Speech recognition, the ability to identify spoken
                 words, and speaker recognition, the ability to identify
                 who is saying them, are becoming commonplace
                 applications of speech processing technology.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Bell Northern Research, Ottawa, Ont, Can",
  classification = "721; 723; 751; 922; B6130 (Speech analysis and
                 processing techniques); C1250C (Speech recognition);
                 C5260 (Digital signal processing); C5585 (Speech
                 recognition and synthesis); C6180N (Natural language
                 processing)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Automata Theory--Grammars; Controlled environmental
                 conditions; Digital signal processing module; Hidden
                 Markov Models; Isolated words; Limited vocabulary size;
                 Pattern-matching algorithm; Preprocessed signal
                 storage; Probability; Recognition; Reference speech
                 patterns; Signal Processing--Digital Techniques;
                 Speaker recognition; Speaker-dependent systems; Speech;
                 Speech capture device; Speech recognition system;
                 Speech recognition task; Tightly constrained grammar;
                 Tightly Constrained Grammar",
  thesaurus =    "Computerised signal processing; Speech recognition",
}

@Article{Lennig:1990:PSR,
  author =       "Matthew Lennig",
  title =        "Putting Speech Recognition to Work in the Telephone
                 Network",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "35--41",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "The early success of an automated call-handling system
                 using interactive voice technologies foreshadows huge
                 savings for telephone companies and a wealth of new
                 services for consumers.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Bell-Northern Research, Ottawa, Ont, Can",
  classification = "718; 723; 751; B6130 (Speech analysis and processing
                 techniques); B6210D (Telephony); C1250C (Speech
                 recognition); C5585 (Speech recognition and synthesis);
                 C7410F (Communications)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "AABS system; Automated alternate billing service;
                 Automated Alternate Billing Service (aabs); Automation;
                 Calling-card-billed calls; Collect calls; Collect
                 Calls; Continuous speech; Isolated-word recognition;
                 Speaker-independent speech recognition;
                 Speaker-Independent Speech Recognition; Speech
                 recognition algorithm; Speech--Recognition; Telephone
                 network; Telephone Systems; Third-number-billed calls;
                 Voice interface; Voice Interface",
  thesaurus =    "Speech recognition; Telecommunications computing;
                 Telephone networks",
}

@Article{Nakatsu:1990:AAS,
  author =       "Ryohei Nakatsu",
  title =        "{Anser}: An Application of Speech Technology to the
                 {Japanese} Banking Industry",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "43--48",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Anser combines speech recognition and synthesis to
                 offer telephone banking services to millions of
                 customers. New technology will soon make the system
                 cheaper and expand its uses.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "NTT, Musashino, Japan",
  classification = "718; 723; 751; 911; B6130 (Speech analysis and
                 processing techniques); B6210D (Telephony); C1250C
                 (Speech recognition); C5585 (Speech recognition and
                 synthesis); C6180N (Natural language processing); C7120
                 (Finance); C7410F (Communications)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Anser; anser System; Data Processing; Dynamic Time
                 Warping; Financial Applications; Japanese banking
                 industry; Japanese Banking Industry; Potential
                 applications; Speech recognition; Speech synthesis;
                 Speech technology; Speech--Synthesis; Telephone banking
                 services; Telephone Banking Services; Telephone
                 Systems",
  thesaurus =    "Automatic telephone systems; Bank data processing;
                 Banking; Speech recognition; Speech synthesis;
                 Telecommunications computing",
}

@Article{Schmandt:1990:AWS,
  author =       "Chris Schmandt and Mark S. Ackerman and Debby Hindus",
  title =        "Augmenting a Window System with Speech Input",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "50--56",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:54:25 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "With Xspeak, window navigation tasks usually performed
                 with a mouse can be controlled by voice. A new version,
                 Xspeak II, incorporates a language for translating
                 spoken commands.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; 751; 752; B6130 (Speech analysis and
                 processing techniques); C1250C (Speech recognition);
                 C6130B (Graphics techniques); C6150J (Operating
                 systems); C6180N (Natural language processing)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Computer Interface Xspeak; Computer Interfaces;
                 Computer Peripheral Equipment--Graphics; Field study;
                 Microphones; Navigation application; Speech input;
                 Speech recognition; Speech--Recognition; Spoken
                 commands; Translating; Window Navigation; Window
                 navigation tasks; Window System; Window systems; Xspeak
                 II",
  thesaurus =    "Computer graphics; Multiprogramming; Speech
                 recognition; User interfaces",
}

@Article{Salisbury:1990:TDB,
  author =       "Mark W. Salisbury and Joseph H. Hendrickson and
                 Terence L. Lammers and Caroline Fu and Scott A. Moody",
  title =        "Talk and Draw: Bundling Speech and Graphics",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "59--65",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Responding to simultaneous spoken and graphical input,
                 a computer interface in development for the AWACS
                 defense system increases operator effectiveness in
                 directing military resources.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Boeing Aerospace \& Electronic Div, Seattle, WA, USA",
  classification = "404; 722; 723; 751; B6130 (Speech analysis and
                 processing techniques); C1250C (Speech recognition);
                 C5585 (Speech recognition and synthesis); C6130B
                 (Graphics techniques); C6180N (Natural language
                 processing); C7150 (Military); C7420 (Control
                 engineering); C7460 (Aerospace engineering)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Airborne Warning and Control system (awacs); Airborne
                 warning/control system; AWACS interface prototype;
                 Command and Control Systems; Computer Graphics;
                 Computer Interfaces--Human Factors; Computer
                 Workstations; DEC Talker speech synthesizer;
                 Development issues; Grammar; Graphical input;
                 Integrated Graphical/Voice Input-Output; ITT VRS-1280
                 speech recognizer; Man-machine interface; MMI;
                 Prototype development; Speech synthesis;
                 Speech--Recognition; System architecture; Systems
                 Science and Cybernetics--Man Machine Systems;
                 Vocabulary; Voice I/O; Workstation",
  thesaurus =    "Aerospace computer control; Aerospace computing;
                 Computer graphics; Military computing; Speech
                 recognition; Speech synthesis; User interfaces",
}

@Article{Ludwig:1990:ENW,
  author =       "Lester F. Ludwig and Natalio Pincever and Michael
                 Cohen",
  title =        "Extending the Notion of a Window System to Audio",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "66--72",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Just as visual window systems let multiple
                 applications share display resources, an audio window
                 system could bring order to the cacophony of multiple
                 simultaneous audio sources.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Bell Communications Research, Ottawa, Ont, Can",
  classification = "722; 723; 751; 752; B6450 (Audio equipment and
                 systems); C1250 (Pattern recognition); C5260 (Digital
                 signal processing); C6130B (Graphics techniques); C6180
                 (User interfaces); C7410F (Communications)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Audio Systems; Audio window system; Audio Window
                 System; Computer applications; Computer Interfaces;
                 Computer Peripheral Equipment--Terminals;
                 Computer-controlled switch; Digital signal processing
                 precision; Human input devices; Multimedia documents;
                 Multiple audio sources; Network-based server;
                 Organizational capabilities; Prototype system; Signal
                 processing methods; Signal Processing--Digital
                 Techniques; Spatial data management systems; Spatial
                 distribution; Spatial processing functions;
                 Speech--Processing; Teleconferencing; Terminal-based
                 system; Visual window systems",
  thesaurus =    "Audio signals; Audio systems; Computer graphics;
                 Computerised signal processing; Telecommunications
                 computing; Teleconferencing; User interfaces",
}

@Article{Kamel:1990:PSV,
  author =       "Ragui Kamel and Kamyar Emami and Robert Eckert",
  title =        "{PX}: Supporting Voice in Workstations",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "73--80",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 04 06:54:29 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "The Personal Exchange (PX) research project explores
                 an architecture to provide personal workstation users
                 with dexterity in manipulating voice. This article
                 describes PX concepts and an initial implementation of
                 the architecture.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Bell-Northern Research, Ottawa, Ont, Can",
  classification = "718; 722; 723; 751; B6130 (Speech analysis and
                 processing techniques); B6210D (Telephony); C5430
                 (Microcomputers); C6180N (Natural language processing);
                 C7410F (Communications)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Call-processing toolkit; Circuit server; Computer
                 Workstations; Digital Communication Systems; Personal
                 Exchange; Personal Exchange (PX); Personal Workstation;
                 Personal workstation users; PX concepts; PX voice
                 editor; Research project; Software; Speech--Processing;
                 Telephone; Telephone Exchanges; Voice-processing
                 toolkits; Voice-storage toolkit; Voice/Data Integrated
                 Services; Workstation adaptor; Workstation Adaptor",
  thesaurus =    "Speech analysis and processing; Telecommunications
                 computing; Telephone systems; Voice communication;
                 Workstations",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1990:IPS,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "{IEEE Project 802} standards efforts",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "84--??",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 14 16:20:44 MDT 1996",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Anonymous:1990:PRe,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Product Reviews",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "103--??",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 14 16:20:44 MDT 1996",
  abstract =     "Image processing on the Macintosh",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Wing:1990:SIF,
  author =       "Jeanette M. Wing",
  title =        "A Specifier's Introduction to Formal Methods",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "9",
  pages =        "8, 10--22, 24",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Applied to computer systems development, formal
                 methods provide mathematically based techniques that
                 describe system properties. As such, they present a.
                 framework for systematically specifying, developing,
                 and verifying systems.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Sch. of Comput. Sci., Carnegie Mellon Univ.,
                 Pittsburgh, PA, USA",
  classification = "723; C6110B (Software engineering techniques); C6120
                 (File organisation); C6140D (High level languages)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Computer Metatheory--Algorithmic Languages; Computer
                 Software; Computer system development; CSP; Formal
                 methods; Formal Methods; Formal specification
                 languages; Formal Specification Languages; Larch;
                 Mathematically based techniques; Software Engineering;
                 System properties; Temporal logic; Transition axioms;
                 VDM; Z",
  thesaurus =    "Data structures; Formal specification; Specification
                 languages",
}

@Article{Stasko:1990:TFS,
  author =       "John T. Stasko",
  title =        "{Tango}: {A} Framework and System for Algorithm
                 Animation",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "9",
  pages =        "27--39",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database; Distributed/networking.bib;
                 Graphics/imager/imager.90.bib;
                 Graphics/siggraph/90.bib; Misc/IMMD_IV.bib",
  abstract =     "Programmers can more easily understand programs
                 displayed in an animated graphical way. This article
                 introduces a. framework for algorithm animation and a.
                 system based on that framework.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Coll. of Comput., Georgia Inst. of Technol., Atlanta,
                 GA, USA",
  classification = "723; C6110B (Software engineering techniques);
                 C6130B (Graphics techniques)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Algorithm animation; Algorithm Animation; Algorithms;
                 Bin-Packing Algorithm; Computer Graphics--Animation;
                 Computer Programming; First-fit bin-packing algorithm;
                 Path-transition; Program development; Program
                 evaluation; Program understanding; Tango",
  thesaurus =    "Computer animation; Software engineering",
}

@Article{Champine:1990:PAD,
  author =       "George A. Champine and Daniel E. {Geer, Jr.} and
                 William N. Ruh",
  title =        "{Project Athena} as a Distributed Computer System",
  journal =      j-COMPUTER,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "9",
  pages =        "40--51",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "CPTRB4",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 1 16:21:14 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database",
  abstract =     "Now providing 10,000 students and faculty with a
                 variety of network services, MIT's educational
                 workstation system is designed to grow to 10 times its
                 present size.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, MA, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; 901; C5620L (Local area networks); C6150J
                 (Operating systems); C7110 (Education)",
  journalabr =   "Computer",
  keywords =     "Computer Science; Computer Systems, D