NAME

SYNOPSIS

tcsh OS/Dependent Options

tcsh [ -F ] [ -Dname[=value] ]

DESCRIPTION

1) Command line editing using Emacs-style commands. 2) Visual step up/down through the history list. 3) Terminal mode sanity checking and resetting. 4) Interactive command, file name and user name completion. 5) File/directory/user list in the middle of a typed command. 6) Spelling correction of command, file, and user names. 7) Lookup of command documentation in the middle of a typed command. 8) Enhanced history mechanism. 9) Automatic locking/logout after long periods of idle time. 10) Automatic execution of a single command prior to printing each prompt. 11) Automatic periodic command execution. 12) A new syntax for the prompt, and the ability to set the prompt for "while" and "for" loops. 13) Time stamps in the history list. 14) An addition to the syntax of filenames to access entries in the directory stack, and the ability treat symbolic links in a sane way when changing directories. 15) The ability to watch for logins and logouts by user or terminal on the machine. 16) A scheduled event list, which specifies commands which are to be executed at given times. 17) A new builtin that does a subset of ls(1). 18) An addition to the file expression syntax for a character not in a set of characters and the ability to negate a globbing pattern. 19) New automatically initialized environment variables HOST and HOSTTYPE. 20) Commands for debugging terminal capabilities. 21) Searching for the visual history mechanism. 22) New builtins for the which(1) and where commands. 23) Restarting a stopped editor with two keystrokes. 24) Status line support 25) Automatic execution of a command when the current working directory is changed. 26) Native Language System support. 27) Automatic process time reporting. 28) OS Dependent Builtin Support 29) Automatic window size adjustment 30) Input files 31) Additional/Undocumented Options 32) Enhanced history/variable modifier expansion 33) Programmable completion. 34) Enhanced file inquiry operator.

1. COMMAND LINE EDITING

There is a new shell command, bindkey, that allows the user to redefine what any key does, or find out what any or all of the keys do.

Syntax: bindkey [ -a ] [ -c ] [ -s ] [ -v ] [ -e ] [ -d ] [ -k ] [ -l ] [ -r ] [ -- ] [ [ in-string | key-name ] [ out-string | command ]]

If no values are given all bindings are listed. If only in-string is given, bindings for the in-string is listed.

Otherwise it binds the in-string to the given out-string or command. If out-string, this is treated as input to tcsh when in-string is typed. This may be used recursively to currently a level of 10 deep.

There are two basic key maps: the normal and alternative one. The alternative is used by VI command mode. For multi-character input the basic key maps contains a sequence-lead-in for the first character in the input.

Options: -a bind in-string in alternative key map

-s bind an out-string instead of a command

-c bind a unix command instead of a command

-v bind for default VI-mode

-e bind for default emacs-mode

-k interpret in-string as a symbolic arrow key name

-d bind to compiled in default

-l list functions available with short description

-r remove the binding of in-string

In strings control characters may be written as caret-<letter> and backslash ("\") is used to escape a character as follows:

\a

bell character

\n

line feed (new line)

\b

back space

\t

horizontal tab

\v

vertical tab

\f

form feed

\r

carriage return

\e

escape

\nnn

character code in octal

Tcsh always binds the arrow keys as defined by the termcap entry to:

up arrow	up-history
down arrow	down-history
right arrow	forward-char
left arrow	backward-char

The following is a list of the default emacs and vi bindings. Characters with the 8th bit set are written as M-<character>. Note however, that unlike with the old bind command (see below), the syntax M-<character> has no special meaning to the bindkey command, and the bindings for the sequence escape+<character> and M-<character> as given below are handled separately (although the the default bindings are the same). The printable ascii characters not mentioned in the list are bound to the self-insert-command function, which just inserts the given character literally into the input line. The remaining characters are bound to the undefined-key function, which only causes a beep (unless nobeep is set, of course).

EMACS bindings

"^@"	->  set-mark-command
"^A"	->  beginning-of-line
"^B"	->  backward-char
"^C"	->  tty-sigintr
"^D"	->  delete-char-or-list
"^E"	->  end-of-line
"^F"	->  forward-char
"^G"	->  is undefined
"^H"	->  backward-delete-char
"^I"	->  complete-word
"^J"	->  newline
"^K"	->  kill-line
"^L"	->  clear-screen
"^M"	->  newline
"^N"	->  down-history
"^O"	->  tty-flush-output
"^P"	->  up-history
"^Q"	->  tty-start-output
"^R"	->  redisplay
"^S"	->  tty-stop-output
"^T"	->  transpose-chars
"^U"	->  kill-whole-line
"^V"	->  quoted-insert
"^W"	->  kill-region
"^X"	->  sequence-lead-in
"^Y"	->  yank
"^Z"	->  tty-sigtsusp
"^["	->  sequence-lead-in
"^\"	->  tty-sigquit
"^]"	->  tty-dsusp
" " to "/"	->  self-insert-command
"0"  to "9"	->  digit
":"  to "~"	->  self-insert-command
"^?"	->  backward-delete-char

EMACS Multi-character and 8 bit bindings

"^[^D" or "M-^D"	->  list-choices
"^[^H" or "M-^H"	->  backward-delete-word
"^[^I" or "M-^I"	->  complete-word
"^[^L" or "M-^L"	->  clear-screen
"^[^Z" or "M-^Z"	->  run-fg-editor
"^[^[" or "M-^["	->  complete-word
"^[^_" or "M-^_"	->  copy-prev-word
"^[ "  or "M- "	->  expand-history
"^[!"  or "M-!"	->  expand-history
"^[$"  or "M-$"	->  spell-line
"^[0"  or "M-0"	->  digit-argument
"^[1"  or "M-1"	->  digit-argument
"^[2"  or "M-2"	->  digit-argument
"^[3"  or "M-3"	->  digit-argument
"^[4"  or "M-4"	->  digit-argument
"^[5"  or "M-5"	->  digit-argument
"^[6"  or "M-6"	->  digit-argument
"^[7"  or "M-7"	->  digit-argument
"^[8"  or "M-8"	->  digit-argument
"^[9"  or "M-9"	->  digit-argument
"^[?"  or "M-?"	->  which-command
"^[B"  or "M-B"	->  backward-word
"^[C"  or "M-C"	->  capitalize-word
"^[D"  or "M-D"	->  delete-word
"^[F"  or "M-F"	->  forward-word
"^[H"  or "M-H"	->  run-help
"^[L"  or "M-L"	->  downcase-word
"^[N"  or "M-N"	->  history-search-forward
"^[P"  or "M-P"	->  history-search-backward
"^[R"  or "M-R"	->  toggle-literal-history
"^[S"  or "M-S"	->  spell-word
"^[U"  or "M-U"	->  upcase-word
"^[W"  or "M-W"	->  copy-region-as-kill
"^[_"  or "M-_"	->  insert-last-word
"^[b"  or "M-b"	->  backward-word
"^[c"  or "M-c"	->  capitalize-word
"^[d"  or "M-d"	->  delete-word
"^[f"  or "M-f"	->  forward-word
"^[h"  or "M-h"	->  run-help
"^[l"  or "M-l"	->  downcase-word
"^[n"  or "M-n"	->  history-search-forward
"^[p"  or "M-p"	->  history-search-backward
"^[r"  or "M-r"	->  toggle-literal-history
"^[s"  or "M-s"	->  spell-word
"^[u"  or "M-u"	->  upcase-word
"^[w"  or "M-w"	->  copy-region-as-kill
"^[^?" or "M-^?"	->  backward-delete-word
"^X^X"	->  exchange-point-and-mark
"^X*"	->  expand-glob
"^X$"	->  expand-variables
"^XG"	->  list-glob
"^Xg"	->  list-glob
"^Xn	->  normalize-path
"^XN	->  normalize-path


VI Insert Mode functions

"^@"	->  is undefined
"^A"	->  beginning-of-line
"^B"	->  backward-char
"^C"	->  tty-sigintr
"^D"	->  list-or-eof
"^E"	->  end-of-line
"^F"	->  forward-char
"^G"	->  list-glob
"^H"	->  backward-delete-char
"^I"	->  complete-word
"^J"	->  newline
"^K"	->  kill-line
"^L"	->  clear-screen
"^M"	->  newline
"^N"	->  down-history
"^O"	->  tty-flush-output
"^P"	->  up-history
"^Q"	->  tty-start-output
"^R"	->  redisplay
"^S"	->  tty-stop-output
"^T"	->  transpose-chars
"^U"	->  backward-kill-line
"^V"	->  quoted-insert
"^W"	->  backward-delete-word
"^X"	->  expand-line
"^Y"	->  tty-dsusp
"^Z"	->  tty-sigtsusp
"^["	->  vi-cmd-mode
"^\"	->  tty-sigquit
" " to "~"	->  self-insert-command
"^?"	->  backward-delete-char

VI Command Mode functions

"^@"	->  is undefined
"^A"	->  beginning-of-line
"^B"	->  is undefined
"^C"	->  tty-sigintr
"^D"	->  list-choices
"^E"	->  end-of-line
"^F"	->  is undefined
"^G"	->  list-glob
"^H"	->  backward-char
"^I"	->  vi-cmd-mode-complete
"^J"	->  newline
"^K"	->  kill-line
"^L"	->  clear-screen
"^M"	->  newline
"^N"	->  down-history
"^O"	->  tty-flush-output
"^P"	->  up-history
"^Q"	->  tty-start-output
"^R"	->  redisplay
"^S"	->  tty-stop-output
"^T"	->  is undefined
"^U"	->  backward-kill-line
"^V"	->  is undefined
"^W"	->  backward-delete-word
"^X"	->  expand-line
"^["	->  sequence-lead-in
"^\"	->  tty-sigquit
" "	->  forward-char
"!"	->  expand-history
"$"	->  end-of-line
"*"	->  expand-glob
"+"	->  down-history
";"	->  vi-repeat-char-fwd
","	->  vi-repeat-char-back
"-"	->  up-history
"."	->  is undefined
"/"	->  vi-search-back
"0"	->  vi-zero
"1" to "9"	->  digit-argument
"?"	->  vi-search-fwd
"@"	->  is undefined
"A"	->  vi-add-at-eol
"B"	->  vi-word-back
"C"	->  change-till-end-of-line
"D"	->  kill-line
"E"	->  vi-endword
"F"	->  vi-char-back
"I"	->  vi-insert-at-bol
"J"	->  history-search-forward
"K"	->  history-search-backward
"N"	->  vi-search-back
"O"	->  sequence-lead-in
"R"	->  vi-replace-mode
"S"	->  vi-substitute-line
"T"	->  vi-charto-back
"U"	->  is undefined
"V"	->  expand-variables
"W"	->  vi-word-fwd
"X"	->  backward-delete-char
"["	->  sequence-lead-in
"\^"	->  beginning-of-line
"a"	->  vi-add
"b"	->  backward-word
"c"	->  is undefined
"d"	->  vi-delmeta
"e"	->  vi-eword
"f"	->  vi-char-fwd
"h"	->  backward-char
"i"	->  vi-insert
"j"	->  down-history
"k"	->  up-history
"l"	->  forward-char
"m"	->  is undefined
"n"	->  vi-search-fwd
"r"	->  vi-replace-char
"s"	->  vi-substitute-char
"t"	->  vi-charto-fwd
"u"	->  vi-undo
"v"	->  expand-variables
"w"	->  vi-beginning-of-next-word
"x"	->  delete-char
"~"	->  change-case
"^?"	->  backward-delete-char
"M-?"	->  run-help
"M-["	->  sequence-lead-in
"M-O"	->  sequence-lead-in

VI Multi-character bindings

"^[?"	->  run-help

In tcsh there are two input modes: insert and overwrite. All characters that are bound to the self-insert-command either get inserted or overwrite what was under the cursor depending on the input mode. In emacs one can toggle between modes using the overwrite-mode function, and in VI one can use any of the replace mode commands. By default the mode is preserved between input lines. To specify a default mode that can be enforced at the beginning of each command line, the variable inputmode can be set to either insert or overwrite.

There is also an older version of bindkey called bind, that allows the user to redefine what any key does, or find out what any or all of the keys do. This is retained for compatibility reasons.

If given two arguments bind binds the function (first argument) to the given key (second argument). The key may be: the direct character or a caret-<letter> combination, which is converted to control-<letter>; M-<letter> for an escaped character; or F-<string> for a function key. For the last of these, the function key prefix must be bound to the function "sequence-lead-in" and the string specified to the bind command must not include this prefix.

If given one argument bind takes the argument as the name for a key and tells what that key does. As a special case, the user can say

bind emacs

bind vi

If given no arguments bind tells what all of the keys do. If you give bind the single argument of 'defaults', it resets each key to its default value (see the above list).

2. VISUAL HISTORY

> ls
foo	bar
> echo mumble
mumble
>

An easy way to re-do a command is to type ^P followed by Return. Also, pieces of previous commands can be assembled to make a new command. The commands that work on regions are especially useful for this.

^P and ^N actually only copy commands from out of the history into the edit buffer; thus the user may step back into the history and then edit things, but those changes do not affect what is actually in tcsh history.

Another way to recall (parts of) history commands is via the 'expand-history' function. A variation of the 'expand-history' function is called 'magic-space'. This function expands csh history, and always appends a space. Magic-space thus can be bound to <space>, to automatically expand csh history. Expand-history is normally bound to M-<space> and magic-space is not bound.

3. TTY MODE SANITY

The list of the tty modes that are always set or cleared by tcsh can be examined and modified using the setty builtin. The setty display is similar to stty(1), and varies depending on the system's tty driver. Modes that tcsh will always try to set are shown as +mode". Modes that tcsh will always try to clear are shown as -mode and modes that tcsh will track and allow to be modified are not shown by default, or if the -a flag is given, are shown without a leading sign. For tty characters, -char disables the tty character, while +char protects the tty character from being changed.

Setty can be used to control the three different modes tcsh uses for the tty. The default mode displayed is the "execute" mode which is used when tcsh executes commands. The two other modes are the "edit" mode and the "quote" mode. The "edit" mode is used for command line editing, and the "quote" mode is used when entering literal characters. The "execute" mode can be specified with -x", the "edit" mode with -d", and the "quote" mode with -q For example if one wants to set the echok flag and let the echoe pass unchanged:

> setty 
iflag:-inlcr -igncr +icrnl 
oflag:+opost +onlcr -onlret 
cflag:
lflag:+isig +icanon +echo +echoe -echok -echonl -noflsh 
      +echoctl -flusho +iexten 
chars:
> setty +echok echoe
> setty
iflag:-inlcr -igncr +icrnl 
oflag:+opost +onlcr -onlret 
cflag:
lflag:+isig +icanon +echo +echok -echonl -noflsh +echoctl 
      -flusho +iexten 
chars:

4. WORD COMPLETION

Example

Assume the current directory contained the files:

DSC.TXT	bin    	cmd    	lib    	memos
DSC.NEW	chaos  	cmtest 	mail   	netnews
bench  	class  	dev    	mbox   	new

> gnumacs ch[TAB]

> gnumacs D[TAB]

File name completion works equally well when other directories are addressed. Additionally, tcsh understands the C shell tilde (~) convention for home directories. In addition it caches tilde name references for fast access. This cache can be flushed by using the builtin rehash. Thus,

> cd ~speech/data/fr[TAB]

> cd ~sy[TAB]

> cd ~synthesis

Command names may also be completed, for example,

> gnum[TAB]

> set local=/usr/local

> echo $lo[TAB]

> set local=/usr/local

> echo $local/[^D]

bin/ etc/ lib/ man/ src/

> echo $local/[^X$]

> echo /usr/local/

Completion also works when the cursor is in the middle of the line, rather than just the end. All of the text after the cursor will be saved, the completion will work (possibly adding to the current name), and then the saved text will be restored in place, after the cursor.

The behavior of the completion can be changed by the setting of several shell variables:

Setting the recexact variable makes an exact command be expanded rather than just ringing the bell. For example, assume the current directory has two sub-directories called foo and food, then with recexact set the following could be done:

> cd fo[TAB]

to ...

> cd foo[TAB]

to ...

> cd foo/

If the autolist variable is set, invoking completion when several choices are possible will automatically list the choices, effectively merging the functionality described in the next section into the completion mechanism. If autolist is set to "ambiguous", then tcsh will only list the choices if there were no new characters added in the completion operation.

The "noise level" can be controlled by the value that matchbeep is set to: With matchbeep=nomatch, completion will only beep if there are no matching names; with matchbeep=ambiguous, completion will also beep if there are many possible matches; with matchbeep=notunique, completion will also beep when there is an exact match but there are other, longer, matches (see recexact). With matchbeep=never or set to any other value completion will never beep. If matchbeep is not set it defaults to ambiguous.

If the autoexpand variable is set, the expand-history function will be invoked automatically before the completion attempt, expanding normal csh history substitutions.

For covert operation, the variable nobeep can be set; it will prevent the completion mechanism, as well as tcsh in general, from actually beeping. Finally, if the autocorrect variable is set, the spelling correction is attempted for any path components up to the completion point.

5. LISTING OF POSSIBLE NAMES

> cd ~speech/data/fritz/

Additionally, one may want to know which files match a prefix. If the user had typed:

> cd ~speech/data/fr[^D]

The degenerate

> ~[^D]

> <Spaces>[^D]

Listing/expanding of words that match a name containing wildcard characters can be done via the list-glob/expand-glob function:

> ls
foo.c  bar.c  a.out
> vi *.c[^Xg]
foo.c bar.c
> vi *.c[^X*]
> vi foo.c bar.c

Command Name Recognition

> newa[TAB]

> newaliases

> new[^D]

Note that Control-D has three different effects on tcsh. On an empty line (one that contains nothing, not even spaces), ^D sends an EOF to tcsh just as it does for normal programs. When the cursor is in the middle of a line of text, ^D deletes the character that the cursor is under. Finally, a ^D at the end of a line of text lists the available names at that point. To get a list of available names when the cursor is in the middle of a line (or on an empty line), a Meta-Control-D should be typed (Escape followed by Control-D).

6. SPELLING CORRECTION

The spell-word function, normally bound to M-s (and M-S), will attempt to correct the word immediately before the cursor. For example, suppose that the user has typed:

> cd /uxr/spol/news[ESC s]

> cd /usr/spool/news

Spelling correction of the entire command line (independent of where the cursor is) can be done with the spell-line function, normally bound to M-$ (Escape Dollar-sign). It will check each word independently, but in order to avoid e.g. command options, no correction is attempted on words whose first character is found in the string "!.\^-*%".

Finally, automatic spelling correction will be done each time the Return key is hit, if the correct variable is set to an appropriate value: correct=cmd will cause the spelling of the command name only to be checked, while correct=all causes checking of all words on the line, like the spell-line function. If any part of the command line is corrected, the user will be given a special prompt as defined by the prompt3 variable, followed by the corrected line, e.g.

> lz /usr/bin
CORRECT>ls /usr/bin (y|n|e)?

Automatic correction is not guaranteed to work the way the user intended. Command line parsing is done in a rudimentary fashion. It is mostly provided as an experimental feature. Suggestions and improvements are welcome.

7. DOCUMENTATION LOOKUP

8. ENHANCED HISTORY MECHANISM

> set history=25 savehist=20

> set histlit
> echo !:s/foo/bar; ls
Modifier failed.
> ^P
> echo !:s/foo/bar; ls
> unset histlit
> echo !:s/foo/bar; ls
Modifier failed.
> ^P
> echo unset histlit[M-r]
> echo !:s/foo/bar; ls

> mv foo bar!#:1
mv foo barfoo

Another difference between tcsh and csh history expansion, is the treatment of history arguments. In csh !3d expands to event 3 with the letter "d" appended to it. There is no way to repeat a command that begins with a number using the name of the command in the history escape. In tcsh only numeric arguments are treated as event numbers; therefore !3d is interpreted as: repeat the last command that started with the string "3d". To mimic the csh behavior !3\d can be used.

9. AUTOMATIC LOGOUT/LOCKING

The value of the optional second word indicates the number of minutes of inactivity after which the user will be prompted for his login password to continue working. Failure to enter the correct password 5 times, results in auto-logout.

10. EXECUTION OF A COMMAND PRIOR TO EACH PROMPT

> alias precmd date

11. PERIODIC COMMAND EXECUTION

> set tperiod = 30
> alias periodic checknews

12. NEW PROMPT FORMAT

%/	Current working directory.
%~	cwd.  If it starts with $HOME, that part is 
	replaced by a ~. In addition if a directory
	name prefix matches a user's home directory,
	that part of the directory will be substituted
	with ~user. NOTE: The ~user substitution will
	only happen if the shell has performed a ~
	expansion for that user name in this session.
%c or %.	Trailing component of cwd, may be 
	followed by by a digit to get more than one 
	component, if it starts with $HOME, that 
	part is replaced with a ~.
%C	Trailing component of cwd, may be followed 
	by a digit to get more than one component, no 
	~ substitution.
%h, %!, !	Current history event number.
%M	The full machine hostname.
%m	The hostname up to the first ".".
%S (%s)	Start (stop) standout mode.
%B (%b)	Start (stop) boldfacing mode. (Only if  
	tcsh was compiled to be eight bit clean.)
%U (%u)	Start (stop) underline mode. (Only if 
	tcsh was compiled to be eight bit clean.)
%t or %@	Current time of day, in 12-hour, am/pm format.
%T	Current time of day, in 24-hour format. 
	(But see the ampm shell variable below.)
\c	`c' is parsed the same way as in bindkey.
^c	`c' is parsed the same way as in bindkey.
%%	A single %.
%n	The user name, contents of $user.
%d	The weekday in <Day> format.
%D	The day in dd format.
%w	The month in <Mon> format.
%W	The month in mm format.
%y	The year in yy format.
%Y	The year in yyyy format.
%l	The line (tty) the user is logged on.
%L	clear from prompt to end of display or end of line.
%#	A `#' if tcsh is run as a root shell, 
	a `>' if not.
%{..%}	Include string as a literal escape sequence.
	Note that the enclosed escape sequence, should
	only be used to change terminal attributes and
	should not move the cursor location. Also, this
	cannot be the last character in the prompt 
	string. (Available only if tcsh was compiled to 
	be eight bit clean.)
%?	return code of the last command executed just
	before the prompt.
%R	In prompt3 this is the corrected string; in
	prompt2 it is the status of the parser.

> set prompt="%m [%h] %B[%@]%b [%/] you rang? "
tut [37] [2:54pm] [/usr/accts/sys] you rang? _
.\}


> set prompt="%m [%h] %U[%@]%u [%/] you rang? "
tut [37] [2:54pm] [/usr/accts/sys] you rang? _
.\}

13. TIME-STAMPED HISTORY LIST

history

history The 'S' flag saves the current history, the 'L' flags loads the history, and the 'c' flag clears the history. If a filename is not specified, then $HOME/.history is used.

14. DIRECTORY ACCESS

-n

Print entries in new lines so that the screen width is not exceeded

-l

Don't print \~ but print the whole path

-v

Print the stack entries one in each line, preceded by the stack number.

Tcsh always saves the last directory visited. Changing to the previous directory can be done by using 'cd or 'pushd

Tcsh will now allow the user to access all elements in the directory stack directly. The syntax "=<digit>" is recognized by tcsh as indicating a particular directory in the stack. (This works for the file/command name recognition as well.) This syntax is analogous to the ~ syntax for access to users' home directories. The stack is viewed as zero-based, i.e., =0 is the same as $cwd, which is the same as ".". As a special case, the string "=-" is recognized as indicating the last directory in the stack. Thus,

> dirs -v
0 /usr/net/bin 
1 /usr/spool/uucp 
2 /usr/accts/sys
> echo =2
/usr/accts/sys
> ls -l =1/LOGFILE
-rw-r--r-- 1 uucp	2594 Jan 19 09:09 /usr/spool/uucp/LOGFILE
> echo =-/.cs*
/usr/accts/sys/.cshrc
> echo =4
Not that many dir stack entries.
>

In the normal csh, saying "pushd +2" would rotate the entire stack around through 2 stack elements, placing the entry found there at the top of the stack. If, however, the new shell variable dextract is set, then issuing "pushd +n" will cause the nth directory stack element to be extracted from its current position, which will then be pushed onto the top of the stack. Example:

> dirs
~ /usr/spool/uucp /usr/net/bin /sys/src
> set dextract
> pushd +2
/usr/net/bin ~ /usr/spool/uucp /sys/src
> unset dextract
> pushd +2
/usr/spool/uucp /sys/src /usr/net/bin ~

Tcsh provides a way to save, restore and clear the directory stack in a file. dirs

dirs

dirs The 'S' flag saves the current directory stack, the 'L' flags loads the directory stack, and the 'c' flag clears the directory stack. If a filename is not specified, then $HOME/.cshdirs is used.

In addition, if the shell variable dunique is set, only directories that are not already in the directory stack will be added when push is invoked.

The way symbolic links that point to directories are crossed is determined by the symlinks variable. By default, it is not set to anything and symbolic links are not treated specially. However, it can be set to either: chase, ignore, or expand. If symlinks is set to chase, then every time the directory changes, $cwd reflects the real directory name, and not the name through the link. A notable exception is the user's home directory, but that should be fixed. If symlinks is set to either ignore or expand, then tcsh tries to determine the current directory name relative to the name of the current directory before the link was crossed. In simple terms, if you chdir through a symbolic link and then cd .., you will end .. relatively to where you were before you crossed the link and not .. relatively to where the symbolic link points. While ignore affects only builtin commands and completion, expand affects command execution too, by `fixing' arguments that it considers to be path names. Unfortunately this does not work in every case, specially when file arguments are embedded in command line options. Expand also allows to specify the `real' (as opposed to the one determined relatively to $cwd),

For example:

> cd /tmp
> mkdir from from/src to
> ln -s ../from/src to/dst

> unset symlinks
> cd /tmp/to/dst; echo $cwd 
/tmp/to/dst
> cd ..; echo $cwd
/tmp/from

> set symlinks=chase
> cd /tmp/to/dst; echo $cwd
/tmp/from/src
> cd ..; echo $cwd
/tmp/from

> set symlinks=ignore
> cd /tmp/to/dst; echo $cwd
/tmp/to/dst
> cd ..; echo $cwd
/tmp/to

> set symlinks=expand
> cd /tmp/to/dst; echo $cwd
/tmp/to/dst
> cd ..; echo $cwd		# builtin
/tmp/to
> cd /tmp/to/dst; echo $cwd
/tmp/to/dst
> cd ".."; echo $cwd		# quoted
/tmp/from
> /bin/echo ..			# rewrites non builtin commands.
/tmp/to
> /bin/echo ".."
..

15. WATCHING FOR LOGINS AND LOGOUTS

> set watch=(sys ttyjd root console)

> set watch=('b*' any any ttyh0)

> set watch=(any any)

By default, the interval between checks of users on the system is 10 minutes; this can be changed by making the first element of watch a number of minutes which should be used instead, as in

> set watch=(40 any any)

There is also a new command, log, which is used to cause tcsh to inform the user of all users/terminals affected by watch whether they have been announced before or not. This is useful if a user has been on for some time and cannot remember if a particular person/terminal is online right now or not. Log will reset all indication of previous announcement and give the user the login list all over again, as well as printing the current value of watch.

The first time that watch is set at tcsh startup, all affected users and terminals will be printed as though those users/terminals had just logged on. This may appear to be a bug, but is generally considered a feature, since it allows the user to see who is on when he first logs in.

The format of the printouts can be tailored via setting of the variable who. In addition to the standard prompt % escapes, the following sequences are available for the format specification:

%n	The name of the user that logged in/out.
%a	The observed action, i.e. "logged on", 
	"logged off", or "replaced <olduser> on".
%l	The line (tty) the user is logged on.
%M	The full hostname of the remote host ("local" 
	if non-remote).
%m	The hostname up to the first ".". If only 
	the ip address is available or the utmp 
	field contains the name of an x-windows 
	display, the whole name is printed.

16. TIMED EVENT LIST

> sched [+]hh:mm <command>

> sched 11:00 echo It\'s eleven o\'clock.

> sched +2:15 /usr/lib/uucp/uucico -r1 -sother
> sched 5pm set prompt='[%h] It\'s after 5; go home: >'
> sched +3am echo This syntax doesn\'t work.
Relative time inconsistent with am/pm.
>

Printing the current time-event list is accomplished by giving the sched command with no arguments:

> sched
     1  Wed Apr  4 15:42  /usr/lib/uucp/uucico -r1 -sother
     2  Wed Apr  4 17:00  set prompt=[%h] It's after 5; go home: >
>

> sched --3
Usage for delete: sched -<item#>.
> sched -3
Not that many scheduled events.
> sched -2
> sched
     1  Wed Apr  4 15:42  /usr/lib/uucp/uucico -r1 -sother
>

This mechanism is similar to, but not the same as, the at(1) command on some Unix systems. Its major disadvantage is that it does not necessarily run a command at exactly the specified time (but only if another command is already being run). Its major advantage is that commands which run directly from tcsh, as sched commands are, have access to shell variables and other structures. This provides a mechanism for changing one's working environment based on the time of day.

17. BUILTIN FOR ls -F

=	File is an AF_UNIX domain socket.
	[if system supports sockets]
|	File is a named pipe (fifo)
	[if system supports named pipes]
%	File is a character device
#	File is a block device
/	File is a directory
*	File is executable
+	File is a hidden directory [aix]
	or context dependent [hpux]
:	File is network special [hpux]

@	File is a symbolic link pointing
	to a non-directory
>	File is a symbolic link pointing
	to a directory 
&	File is a symbolic link pointing
	to nowhere

18. GLOBBING SYNTAX ADDITIONS

> cd ~
> echo .[a-z]*
.cshrc .emacs .login .logout .menuwmrc
> echo .[^.]*
.Xdefaults .Xinit .cshrc .emacs .login .logout .menuwmrc
>

Also the ability to negate a globbing pattern has been added:

> echo *
foo foobar bar barfoo
> echo ^foo*
bar barfoo

19. NEW ENVIRONMENT AND SHELL VARIABLES

Tcsh also initializes the environment variable HOSTTYPE to a symbolic name for the type of computer that it is running on. This is useful when sharing a single physical directory between several types of machines (running NFS, for instance). For example, if the following is in .login:

set path = (~/bin.$HOSTTYPE /usr/ucb /bin /usr/bin /usr/games .)

386BSD		an Intel 386, running 386BSD
aix370		an IBM 370, running aix
aixESA		an IBM ESA, running aix
alliant		an Alliant FX series
alliant-fx80	an Alliant FX80 (mc68000 based)
alliant-fx2800	an Alliant FX2800 (i860 based)
alpha		an DEC Alpha running OSF/1
amdahl		an Amdahl running uts 2.1
amiga		an amiga running amix 2.02
apollo		an Apollo running DomainOS
att3b15		an AT&T 3b15
att3b2		an AT&T 3b2
att3b20		an AT&T 3b20
att3b5		an AT&T 3b5
balance		a Sequent Balance (32000 based)
bsd386		an Intel 386, running BSDI's bsd386
butterfly		a BBN Computer Butterfly 1000
coh386		a 386 running Coherent 4.0
coherent		an unknown machine running Coherent
convex		a Convex
cray		a Cray running Unicos
decstation	a DecStation XXXX
eta10		an ETA 10 running SVR3
gould-np1		a Gould NP1
hk68		a Heurikon HK68 running Uniplus+ 5.0
hp300		an HP 9000, series 300, running mtXinu
hp800		an HP 9000, series 800, running mtXinu
hp9000s300	an HP 9000, series 300, running hpux
hp9000s500	an HP 9000, series 500, running hpux
hp9000s700	an HP 9000, series 700, running hpux
hp9000s800	an HP 9000, series 800, running hpux
hp			an HP, running hpux
i386		an Intel 386, generic
i386-mach		an Intel 386, running mach
i386-linux	an Intel 386, running Linux
i386-emx		an Intel 386, running emx [unix emulation under OS/2]
intel386		an Intel 386, running INTEL's SVR3
iris3d		a Silicon Graphics Iris 3000
iris4d		a Silicon Graphics Iris 4D
isc386		an Intel 386, running ISC
m88k			an mc88000 CPU machine
mac2			an Apple Computer Macintosh II, running AUX
masscomp			a Concurrent (Masscomp), running RTU
minix386			an i386 running minix
minix			a mac or an amiga running minix
mips			another mips CPU
multimax		an Encore Computer Corp. Multimax (32000 based)
news			a Sony NEWS 800 or 1700 workstation
news_mips		a NeWS machine with mips CPU
nd500		a Norsk Data ND 500/5000 running Ndix
ns32000		an NS32000 CPU machine
next			a NeXT computer
pfa50			a PFU/Fujitsu A-xx computer
ps2			an IBM PS/2, running aix
ptx			a Sequent Symmetry running DYNIX/ptx (386/486 based)
pyramid		a Pyramid Technology computer (of any flavor)
rs6000		an IBM RS6000, running aix 
rt			an IBM PC/RT, running BSD (AOS 4.3) or mach
rtpc			an IBM PC/RT, running aix
sco386		an Intel 386, running SCO
stellar		a stellar running stellix
sun			a Sun workstation of none of the above types
sun2			a Sun Microsystems series 2 workstation (68010 based)
sun3			a Sun Microsystems series 3 workstation (68020 based)
sun386i		a Sun Microsystems 386i workstation (386 based)
sun4			a Sun Microsystems series 4 workstation (SPARC based)
symmetry		a Sequent Symmetry running DYNIX 3 (386/486 based)
sysV88		a Motorola MPC running System V/88 R32V2 (SVR3/88100 based)
tahoe		a tahoe running 4BSD
tek4300		a Tektronix 4300 running UTek (BSD 4.2 / 68020 based)
tekXD88		a Tektronix XD88/10 running UTekV 3.2e (SVR3/88100 based)
titan		an Stardent Titan
unixpc		an UNIX/PC running SVR1 att7300 aka att3b1
vax			a Digital Equipment Corp. Vax (of any flavor)
vistra800		a Stardent Vistra 800 running SVR4
VMS-POSIX		a vax? running VMS/POSIX

Tcsh also initializes the shell variables uid and gid to the value of the current real user ID/GID. This is useful for telling what user/group the shell is running as. Under Domain/OS tcsh will also set oid indicating the current real organization id.

20. COMMANDS FOR DEBUGGING

telltc tells you, politely, what tcsh thinks of your terminal, and settc `cap' `value' tells tcsh to believe that the termcap capability `cap' ( as defined in termcap(5) ) has the value `value'. No checking for sanity is performed, so beware of improper use.

Note that Concept terminal users may have to "settc xn no" to get proper wrapping at the rightmost column.

21. SEARCHING FOR THE VISUAL HISTORY

History-search-backward (history-search-forward) searches backward (forward) through the history list for previous (next) occurrence of the beginning of the input buffer as a command. That is, if the user types:

> echo foo
foo
> ls
filea	fileb
> echo bar
bar
> 

When the incremental search functions are used, a prompt - "bck:" or "fwd:", depending on the chosen direction - appears, and characters typed are appended to the search pattern. The matching command line is placed in the editing buffer, with the cursor positioned at the point where the pattern was found (the incremental search will also do searching within a command line). If the search fails, the terminal bell is rung, and the ':' in the prompt is changed to '?'.

If these functions are bound to single characters, and one of those is typed again during the incremental search, the search continues in the corresponding direction, with the pattern unchanged; if the previous search failed, this will also cause it to "wrap around" the history list. Finally, the following characters also have a special meaning during the search:

Delete	(or any character bound to backward-delete-char)
	Undo the effect of the last character typed,
	deleting a character from the pattern if appropriate.
^G	Abort the search, back to the last successful one
	if previous search failed, otherwise entire search.
^W	Append the rest of the current word to the pattern.
ESC	Terminate the search, leaving current line in buffer.

In vi mode "vi-search-fwd" (bound to '/') and "vi-search-back" (bound to '?') can be used to search the visual history. In command mode '/' or '?' followed by a shell pattern, searches the visual history for the pattern. The pattern can be terminated either with a Return, in which case the matched history event is placed in the command buffer or an Escape, in which case the matched history event is executed. If no history event matches the shell pattern then the bell is rung.

22. BUILTIN WHICH(1)/WHERE COMMANDS

Similarly where will report all known instances of the command: aliases, builtins, as well as all references in the path.

23. RESTARTING A STOPPED EDITOR

24. STATUS LINE SUPPORT

> echotc home

> echotc cm 3 10

> echo $sl this is a test $el

> echotc ts 0; echo "this is a test"; echotc fs

> set history=`echotc lines`

> @ history--

> set tosl="`echotc ts 0`"

> set frsl="`echotc fs`"

> echo -n "$tosl";date; echo -n "$frsl"

25. EXECUTION OF A COMMAND AFTER CHANGING THE CURRENT WORKING DIRECTORY

> alias cwdcmd 'echo -n "^[]2;${HOST}:$cwd ^G"'

> alias cwdcmd 'echo -n "^[]2;${HOST}:$cwd^G^[]1;${HOST}^G"'

26. NATIVE LANGUAGE SYSTEM

When using the system's NLS, the setlocale C library function will be called to determine appropriate character classification and sorting - this function will typically examine the LANG and LC_CTYPE variables for this purpose (refer to the system documentation for further details). Otherwise, NLS will be simulated, by assuming that the ISO 8859-1 character set is used whenever either of the LANG and LC_CTYPE variables are set, regardless of their values. Sorting is not affected for the simulated NLS.

In addition, with both real and simulated NLS, all printable characters in the range \200-\377, i.e. those that have M-<char> bindings, are automatically rebound to self-insert-command (the corresponding binding for the escape+<char> sequence, if any, is left alone). This automatic rebinding is inhibited if the NOREBIND environment variable is set - this may be useful for the simulated NLS, or a primitive real NLS which assumes full ISO 8859-1 (otherwise all M-<char> bindings in the range \240-\377 will effectively be undone in these cases). Explicitly rebinding the relevant keys, using bindkey, is of course still possible.

Unknown characters (i.e. those that are neither printable nor control characters) will be printed using the \nnn format. If the tty is not in 8 bit mode, other 8 bit characters will be printed by converting them to ascii and using standout mode. Tcsh will never change the 7/8 bit mode of the tty, and will track user-initiated settings for this - i.e. it may be necessary for NLS users (or, for that matter, those that want to use a Meta key) to explicitly set the tty in 8 bit mode through the appropriate stty(1) command in e.g. the .login file.

27. AUTOMATIC PROCESS TIME REPORTING

%U	The time the process spent in user mode 
	in cpu seconds.
%S	The time the process spent in kernel mode 
	in cpu seconds.
%E	The elapsed time in seconds.
%P	The CPU percentage computed as (%U + %S) / %E.

%W	Number of times the process was swapped.
%X	The average amount in (shared) text space used 
	in Kbytes.
%D	The average amount in (unshared) data/stack 
	space used in Kbytes.
%K	The total space used (%X + %D) in Kbytes.
%M	The maximum memory the process had in use at 
	any time in Kbytes.
%F	The number of major page faults (page needed to 
	be brought from disk).
%R	The number of minor page faults.
%I	The number of input operations.
%O	The number of output operations.
%r	The number of socket messages received.
%s	The number of socket messages sent.
%k	The number of signals received.
%w	Number of voluntary context switches (waits).
%c	Number of involuntary context switches.

For Sequent's DYNIX/ptx %X, %D, %K, %r and %s are not supported. However, the following additional sequences are available.

%Y	The number of system calls performed.
%Z	The number of pages which are zero-filled
	on demand.
%i	The number of times a process' resident
	set size was increased by the kernel.
%d	The number of times a process' resident
	set size was decreased by the kernel.
%l	The number of read system calls performed.
%m	The number of write system calls performed.
%p	the number of reads from raw disk devices.
%q	the number of writes to raw disk devices.

28. OS/DEPENDENT BUILTIN SUPPORT

TRANSPARENT COMPUTING FACILITY

On systems that support TCF (aix-ibm370, aix-ps2) the following builtins have been added:

getspath

Print the current system execution path.

setspath

Set the current execution path.

getxvers

Print the current experimental version prefix.

setxvers

If the optional string is ommited, any experimental version prefix is removed. Otherwise the experimental version prefix is set to string.

migrate

migrate

The first form migrates the process or job to the site specified or the default site determined by the system path. The second form, is equivalent to 'migrate -<site> $$', i.e. migrates the current process to the site specified. Note: migrating tcsh itself can cause unexpected behavior, since the shell does not like to lose its tty.

Domain/OS Support

inlib

Inlib adds shared libraries to the current environment. There is no way to remove them...

rootnode

Change the name of the current rootnode. From now on, / will resolve to //<rootnode>

ver

Without arguments, print $SYSTYPE; with the <systype> provided, set SYSTYPE to the one provided. Valid systypes are bsd4.3 and sys5.3. If a <command> is argument is given, then <command> is executed under the <systype> specified.

Mach

setpath

XXX: What does it do?

Masscomp/RTU

universe

Sets the current universe to the specified parameter.

Convex/OS

warp

Without arguments prints the current value of the universe. With a universe argument it sets the current universe to the value of the argument.

29. WINDOW SIZE TRACKING

30. INPUT FILES

31. COMMAND LINE OPTIONS

-d

Force load of directory stack. (+)

-Dname[=value]

Set environment variable name to value. (Domain/OS only) (+)

-F

Use fork() instead of vfork() to spawn processes. (Convex/OS only) (+)

-l

Make tcsh behave like a login shell. (+)

-m

Allow reading of a .cshrc that does not belong to the effective user. Newer versions of su(1) can pass that to the shell. (some versions of csh have it) (+*)

-q

Make the shell accept SIGQUIT, and behave when it is used under a debugger. Job control is disabled. (*)

32. HISTORY AND VARIABLE MODIFIER ENHANCEMENTS

% set a=/usr/local/foo.bar.baz
% echo $a:t:r:e
foo.bar.baz:r:e

> set a=/usr/local/foo.bar.baz
> echo $a:t:r:e
bar

> set a=/usr/local/foo.bar.baz
> echo $a:t:$cwd
Unknown variable modifier.

> echo ${a:t}:$cwd

> set foo=(a:b:c d:e:f)
> echo $foo:s/:/ /
a b:c d:e:f
> echo $foo:gs/:/ /
a b:c d e:f
> echo $foo:as/:/ /
a b c d:e:f
> echo $foo:ags/:/ /
a b c d e f

> echo $host
tesla.ee.cornell.edu
> echo $host:r
tesla.ee.cornell
> echo $host:ar
tesla

33. PROGRAMMABLE COMPLETION

> complete cd 'n/*/d/'

The syntax for the complete and uncomplete builtins is: complete

uncomplete

Completion arguments are matched in turn from left to right and the first successful match is returned. There are three different completion arguments, modeled after the sed(1) substitute command and they are of the form: <command>/<match-pattern>/<complete-action>/[<suffix>|/] The five commands available are:

p

This specifies position-dependent completion. The matching pattern is a numeric range similar to the one used to index shell variables. If the current word is within that range, then the completion action is taken. For example:

> complete cd 'p/1/d/'

completes only the first argument of 'cd' with a directory. A special useful case of position-dependent completion can be used to disambiguate command completion:

> set autolist
> co[TAB]
complete compress
> complete -co* 'p/0/(complete)/'
> co[TAB]
> complete _

The above command tells the completion mechanism to match any word on position 0, that matches the pattern co*". If a match is found, the word is replaced with the literal pattern "complete". The leading '-' in the pattern signifies that this completion is to be used only with ambiguous commands.

n,N

This command specifies next-word completions. The matching pattern in this case is a shell pattern that must match the previous word on the command line (n), or the word before that (N). For example:

> complete find 'n/-user/u/'

Here the argument of the find command which follows the -user argument is completed from the list of users.

c,C

The last two completion commands complete the current word. The matching pattern in this case must match the prefix of the current word. For example:

> complete cc 'c/-I/d/'

completes the the word containing -I from the list of directories. While `c' discards the matched prefix, `C' keeps it and applies the completion using it.

C	Complete completions
S	Complete signals
a	Complete aliases
b	Complete binding
c	Complete command
d	Complete directory
e	Complete environment variable
f	Complete file or path component
j	Complete jobs
l	Complete limits
n	Complete nothing
p	Complete files using the supplied pathname prefix
s	Complete shell variable
t	Complete non directory `text' filename
v	Complete any variable
u	Complete username
x	Explain what argument when listing is requested.
$var	Complete using words from variable
(...)	Complete using words from list
`...`	Complete evaluating word list from the output of command.

> complete cc 'n/*/f:*.[cao]/'

It is also useful to exclude files from the completion list. Normally tcsh will expand the following command:

> set fignore=(.o)
> ls
foo.c foo.o
> vi f[TAB]
> vi foo.c
> rm f[TAB]
> rm foo.c

> complete rm 'n/*/f:^*.{c,h,cc,C,tex,1,man,l,y}/'
> ls
foo.c foo.o
> vi f[TAB]
> vi foo.c
> rm f[TAB]
> rm foo.o

Other commands don't expect files as arguments, so the completion builtin can be used to change the list of items to be completed:

> complete man 	'n/*/c/'		# complete commands 
> complete which	'n/*/c/'	
> complete dbx 	'p/2/(core)/' 'n/*/c/'
> complete alias 	'p/1/a/'		# complete aliases
> complete set 	'p/1/s/'			# complete variables
> complete finger 	'p/1/u/'		# complete user-names

In some cases the list needs to be customized or dynamically generated.

> set hostnames=(prep.ai.mit.edu tesla.ee.cornell.edu)
> complete rlogin 'p/1/$hostnames/'

> complete find	'n/-fstype/(nfs 4.2)/' 'n/-name/f/' \
		'n/-type/(c b d f p l s)/' 'n/-user/u/' 'n/-exec/c/' \
		'n/-ok/c/' 'n/-cpio/f/' 'n/-ncpio/f/' 'n/-newer/f/' \
		'c/-/(fstype name perm prune type user nouser \
		      group nogroup size inum atime mtime ctime exec \
		      ok print ls cpio ncpio newer xdev depth)/' \
		'n/*/d/'

> cd /usr
> set autolist
> find [TAB]
bin/ include/ lib/ local/ man/ src/
> find -[TAB]
atime   depth   group   mtime   newer   ok      prune   user
cpio    exec    inum    name    nogroup perm    size    xdev
ctime   fstype  ls      ncpio   nouser  print   type
> find -u[TAB]
> find -user [TAB]
christos root
> find -user c[TAB]
> find -user christos 

Another useful feature is to override the default suffix rules. For example:

> complete rcp 'c/*:/f/' 'p/1/$hosts/:'
> complete finger 'c/*@/$hosts/' 'p/1/u/@'

Another exotic example that makes use of dynamic command execution is:

> complete talk p/1/'`users | tr " " "\012" | uniq`'/ \
           n/\*/\`who\ \|\ grep\ \$:1\ \|\ awk\ \'\{\ print\ \$2\ \}\'\`/

Notes:

1.

The completion command-patterns are overridden when the internal parsing mechanism determines that the completion is a login name, or a variable.

2.

This is an experimental feature and the syntax/behavior may change in future versions.

FYI

This shell will restore your tty to a sane mode if it appears to return from some command in raw, CBREAK, or noecho mode. This behavior can be changed using setty.

ENHANCED FILE INQUIRIES

r	read access
w	write access
x	execute access
e	existence
o	ownership
z	zero size
f	plain file
d	directory
l	symbolic link *

Tcsh defines also the following:

c	character special file
b	block special file		
p	named pipe (fifo) *
u	set-user-ID bit is set	
g	set-group-ID bit is set	
k	sticky bit is set
s	socket special file *
t	open file descriptor for terminal device [a number]
X	executable in the path or shell builtin

Notes: On systems without the file types indicated by * the file inquiry operands return false. In the version of csh appearing on the Silicon Graphics IRIX, -s is true when the file is not zero size. Tcsh is *not* compatible with that.

ENVIRONMENT

LANG -- used to give preferred character environment (see NLS)

LC_CTYPE -- used to change only ctype character handling (see NLS)

NOREBIND -- inhibits rebinding of printable characters to self-insert-command

PATH -- path to look for command execution

SHLVL -- current shell level nesting

TERM -- used to tell how to handle the terminal

LINES -- Number of lines in terminal (see WINDOW SIZE)

COLUMNS -- Number of columns in terminal (see WINDOW SIZE)

TERMCAP -- Terminal capability string (see WINDOW SIZE)

SYSTYPE -- The current system type (Domain OS only)

NEW SHELL VARIABLES

addsuffix

add a / for directories, and a space for normal files when complete matches a name exactly. If unset don't add anything extra.

ampm

show all times in 12 hour, AM/PM format.

autocorrect

Correct mis-spelled path components automatically before attempting completion.

autoexpand

invoke the expand-history function automatically on completion.

autolist

list possibilities on an ambiguous completion.

autologout

The first word indicates number of minutes of inactivity before automatic logout. The optional second word indicates the number of minutes of inactivity after which the user will be prompted for his login password to enter a command.

backslash_quote

makes the backslash quote \, \', and ". This option changes the parsing mechanism for tcsh, and it can cause syntax errors in csh scripts.

correct

automatically try to correct the spelling of commands. Must be set to either correct=cmd, only command name will be corrected, or correct=all, the whole line will be corrected.

dextract

extract a directory on pushd rather than rotating.

dirsfile

If set, it contains the full path-name where a directory stack file is read/written. It defaults to $home/.cshdirs. This file is executed last after .cshrc and .login to restore the directory stack.

dirstack

If set, it contains an array of all the directories on the directory stack. $dirstack[1] is the current working directory, $dirstack[2] the first directory on the stack etc. Setting $dirstack resets all the stack entries, but the current working directory which is preserved.

dunique

Push only directories that are not already in the directory stack.

echo_style

Set the style of the builtin echo. Valid values are:

bsd":

if the first argument is -n, don't echo a newline.

sysv":

recognize \ escape sequences in echo strings.

both":

recognize both -n and \ escape sequences.

none":

the purist's echo.

edit

use the input editor, set by default.

fignore

list of file name suffixes (e.g. .o, ~) to ignore during complete.

gid

the current real group id.

histlit

If set, history lines in the editor will be shown with its literal value (that is the line as it was input) instead of the shells lexical version. The current history line can be toggled between literal and lexical with the toggle-literal-history function. History lines saved at shell exit are also saved as this variable indicates.

histfile

If set, it contains the full path-name where a history file is read/written. It defaults to $home/.history. This is useful when sharing the same home directory in different machines, or if one wants to save all the histories in the tty sessions. It is usually set in .cshrc for interactive shells, because history is sourced between .cshrc and .login so that it is available from .login.

history

The first word of the history variable indicates the number of history events to be saved. The optional second word indicates the format history is printed (Defaults to "%h\t%T\t%R\n").

inputmode

Can be set to either insert or overwrite to control the line editing behavior, as described in section 1.

listjobs

list all jobs when suspending. set listjobs=long, produces long format.

listlinks

Resolve symbolic links when listing files so that the correct filetype is shown.

listmax

maximum number of items to list without asking first.

matchbeep

control beeping on completion. With matchbeep=nomatch, completion only beeps when there is no match, with matchbeep=ambiguous, beeps also when there are multiple matches, with matchbeep=notunique, beeps when there is one exact and other longer matches, with matchbeep=never, it never beeps.

nobeep

Disables beeping completely.

nokanji

If kanji support is enable, setting this variable disables it, so that the meta key can be used.

nostat

An list of directories that should not be stat'ed during a completion operation. Some directories e.g. "/afs", can take too much time to complete a stat(2) operation, making them prime candidates for membership in this list.

oid

The organization id number (Domain OS only).

printexitvalue

if an interactive program exits non-zero, print the exit value.

prompt

the string to prompt with.

prompt2

the string to prompt for while and for loops with.

prompt3

the string to prompt with when automatic spelling correction has corrected a command line.

pushdtohome

make pushd with no args do a "pushd ~" (like cd does).

pushdsilent

do not print the dir stack on every pushd and popd.

recexact

recognize exact matches even if they are ambiguous.

recognize_only_executables

list choices of commands only displays files in the path that are executable (slow).

rmstar

Prompt the user before execution of `rm *'.

savedirs

Before exiting, create a file called $HOME/.cshdirs that contains the necessary commands to restore the current directory stack. Tcsh will read this file during startup and restore the directory stack.

savehist

number of history items to save between login sessions. If it is just set, the number of items is taken from $history.

shlvl

Integer value indicating the number of nested shells. On login shells the level is reset to 1.

showdots

show hidden files in list and complete operations. If it is set to -A, then "." and ".." are not displayed, similarly to the BSD ls -A.

symlinks

can be set to: chase", in order to resolve the full path names, ignore", in order to use $cwd to resolve relative directory references for builtins. expand", in order to use $cwd and rewrite the arguments for commands.

tcsh

Contains the current version of the shell as R.VV.PP. The R indicates the major release number, the VV the current version and the PP the patchlevel.

term

the terminal type; see above.

tperiod

periodic command wait period (in minutes).

tty

The name of the tty, or empty if not attached to one.

uid

the current real user ID.

version

the version ID stamp for this tcsh. It contains, the origin of this version of tcsh, the date this version was released and a string containing a comma separated list of the compile time options enabled:

8b 7b	If tcsh was compiled to be eight bit clean 
	or not.  The default is 8b.
nls	Set if tcsh uses the system's NLS, should be
	the default for systems that have NLS.
lf	Set if tcsh should execute .login before 
	.cshrc on login shells. Default is not set.
dl	Set if tcsh should put . last on the path 
	for security. Default is set.
vi	Set if tcsh's default editor is vi. Default 
	is unset (emacs)
dtr	Set if tcsh should drop dtr on login shells 
	when exiting.  Default is unset.
bye	Set if tcsh should accept bye in addition 
	to logout, and rename log to watchlog. 
	Default is unset.
al	Set if tcsh should determine if autologout 
	should be enabled. The default is set.
kan	Set if tcsh is compiled for Kanji. 
	(ignore the iso character set.) Default is unset.
sm	Set if tcsh was compiled to use the system's malloc.
hb	Set if tcsh is emulating #!<program> <args> in
	shell script execution

visiblebell

use the visible bell (screen flash) rather than audible bell.

watch

list of events to watch.

who

format string for the printouts generated when watch is set.

wordchars

list of non-alphanumeric characters considered part of a word for the purpose of the forward-word, backward-word etc functions -- defaults to "*?_-.[]~=".

NEW SPECIAL ALIASES

cwdcmd

the command is run after every change of working directory.

periodic

the command to be run every tperiod minutes.

precmd

the command to be run prior to printing each prompt.

beepcmd

the command to be run every time tcsh wants to echo the terminal bell.

SEE ALSO

BUGS

VERSION

AUTHORS

Wrote the command completion. Mike Ellis, Fairchild, 1983

Added command name recognition/completion. Paul Placeway, Ohio State CIS dept., 1983

Added the command line editor. Rayan Zachariassen, University of Toronto, 1984

Added the builtin which feature to the editor, and the code for ls-F". Also numerous bug fixes, modifications, and performance enhancements. Chris Kingsley, Caltech

Wrote the fast storage allocator routines (nmalloc.c). Karl Kleinpaste, CCI 1983-4

Added special aliases, directory stack extraction stuff, login/logout watch, and scheduled events. Also came up with the idea of the new prompt format. Paul Placeway, Ohio State CIS dept., 1987

Re-wrote the editor, cleaned up other code, and added the prompt routines, added to the syntax for file name expressions, and sped up the shell some. Chris Grevstad, TRW, 1987

Ported the 4.3 csh sources to tcsh. Christos S. Zoulas, Cornell U. EE dept., 1987-92

ported tcsh to HPUX, and System V rel. 2 and 3 and wrote a SysV version of getwd.c. Added SHORT_STRINGS support. New version of sh.glob.c. James J Dempsey, BBN, 1988, and Paul Placeway, OSU, 1988

Re-ported tcsh to A/UX.

BUGFIXES AND ENHANCEMENTS

Coherent port Andy Phillips, Mullard Space Science Lab U.K., 1992

VMS-POSIX port. Beto Appleton, IBM Corp., 1992

Walking process group fixes, lots of misc csh bug fixes, POSIX file tests, POSIX SIGHUP. Scott Bolte, Cray Computer Corp., 1992

CSOS port. Kaveh R. Ghazi, Rutgers University, 1992

Fixes and Ports for Tek, m88k, Titan, Masscomp. Mark Linderman, Cornell University, 1992

OS/2 Port Mika Liljeberg, liljeber@kruuna.Helsinki.FI, 1992

Linux port. Scott Krotz, Motorola, 1991

Minix port. David Dawes, Sydney U. Australia, Physics dept., 1991

SVR4 job control fixes. (reverse pipeline startup code, and signal fixes). Jose Sousa, Interactive Systems Corp., 1991

Extended vi fixes. Added delete command in vi. Marc Horowitz, MIT, 1991

Ansification fixes, new exec hashing code, imake fixes, where builtin. Eric Schnoebelen, Convex, 1990

Convex support, lots of csh bug fixes, save and restore of directory stack. Jaap Vermeulen, Sequent, 1990-91

Vi mode fixes, expand-line, window change fixes, ported to symmetry machines. Ron Flax, Apple, 1990

Ported again to A/UX 2.0 Dan Oscarsson, LTH Sweden, 1990

NLS support and simulated for non NLS sites. Correction of file names also handles the case when the / is replaced by another character. The editor does not switch into cbreak mode unless needed. The shell will not use character attributes when output is not to a tty. Johan Widen, SICS Sweden, 1990

Shell level variable, mach support, correct-line, 8-bit printing. Matt Day, Sanyo Icon, 1990

Added POSIX termio support; Fixed limit stuff for SysV. Hans J. Albertsson (Sun Sweden)

Added the ampm variable handling, DING!, and the settc and telltc builtins. Michael Bloom

Fixed some of the interrupt handling. Michael Fine, Digital Equipment Corp

added the extended key support. Daniel Long, NNSC, 1988

Added the wordchars variable. George Hartzell, MCD Biology, University of Colorado-Boulder, 1988

Fixed the always resetting to DEL bug. Patrick Wolfe, Kuck and Associates, Inc., 1988

Cleaned up VI mode and wrote the new editor description (in section 1). Jak Kirman, 1988

Fixed the SunOS 4 giant stack allocation bug. Bruce Robertson, Tektronix, 1989

Fixed setting erase and kill (again). David C Lawrence, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1989

Added "autolist" variable and code to list possibilities on ambiguous completion. Martin Boyer, Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Quebec, 1991.

Modified "autolist" variable and code to give options on beeping behavior. Modified the history search to search for the whole string from the beginning of the line to the cursor. Alec Wolman, DEC, 1989

Added code to allow newlines in the prompt. Matt Landau, BBN, 1989

Fixed YP bugs on Suns, added .tcshrc stuff. Ray Moody, Purdue Physics, 1989

Added the code to do magic spacebar history expansion. Mordechai ????, Intel, 1989

Re-arranged the printprompt() routine to use a switch(*cp) (rather than a bunch of ifs), and added a few things to it. Josh Siegel, dspo.gov, 1989

Fixed "fg-editor" and added the status line shell variables "sl" and "el". Karl Berry, UMB, 1989

Fixed a bug involving environ (in sh.func.c) on NeXT computers. Michael Greim, Universitaet des Saarlandes, Saarbruecken, W-Germany,

Fixed the nested backquote bug (yes, you can do it; think about aliases) in 4.2 csh. This fix was posted to comp.bugs.4bsd. Kazuhiro Honda, Department of Computer Science, Keio University, 1989

Added the code for automatic spelling correction, the prompt3 stuff (the autocorrect prompt), and HOSTTYPE symbols for the Sony NEWS. Paul Placeway, BBN, 1990

Fixed character redrawing code insert bugs, and made redrawing code handle multiple character movement, insert, and delete (if it exists). Fixed setting of SHELL. Per Hedeland, Ellemtel, Sweden, 1990

Various bugfixes and improvements, e.g. in history expansion, autolist, added autoexpand, updated the manual.

THANKS TO